Applied Materials electrical components Germany Applied Materials model Applied Materials price

Applied Materials electrical components are semiconductor triodes, also known as bipolar junction transistors or crystal triodes, which are semiconductor devices that control current. Their function is to amplify weak signals into electrical signals with larger amplitudes, and they are also used as contactless switches. The triode is one of the basic semiconductor components, featuring current amplification capability, and is a core component in electronic circuits. A triode is formed by creating two closely spaced PN junctions on a single semiconductor substrate; these two PN junctions divide the entire semiconductor into three parts, with the middle part being the base region, and the two side parts being the emitter region and the collector region. The arrangement types include PNP and NPN.

Applied Materials electrical components principle

The working principle of a discharge tube is gas gap discharge i. When a certain voltage is applied between the two poles of the discharge tube, a non-uniform electric field is generated between the poles. Under the influence of this electric field, the gas inside the tube begins to ionize. When the external voltage increases to a level where the field strength between the poles exceeds the insulation strength of the gas, the gap between the two poles breaks down due to discharge, transitioning from an insulating state to a conductive state. After conduction, the voltage between the two poles of the discharge tube is maintained at a residual voltage level determined by the discharge arc channel. This residual voltage is generally very low, thereby protecting electronic equipment connected in parallel with the discharge tube from overvoltage damage.

Applied Materials electrical components classification

Fuses can be classified into high-voltage fuses and low-voltage fuses based on operating voltage. Based on the protected object, they can be classified into fuses for transformer protection and general electrical equipment, fuses for voltage transformer protection, fuses for power capacitor protection, fuses for semiconductor component protection, fuses for motor protection, and fuses for household appliance protection. Based on structure, they can be classified into open-type, semi-enclosed, cartridge, and expulsion fuses. Open-type fuses have a simple structure, with the fusible element fully exposed to the air and supported by porcelain pillars without a base, making them suitable for low-voltage outdoor use. They produce significant noise and light in the atmosphere when interrupting current. Semi-enclosed fuses have their fusible elements mounted on porcelain frames and inserted into porcelain boxes with metal sockets at both ends, making them suitable for low-voltage indoor use. The noise and light produced during current interruption are contained by the porcelain box. In cartridge fuses, the fusible element is installed inside the fuse body, which is then inserted into a base or directly connected into the circuit. The fuse element is a fully sealed insulated tube with metal caps or contact blades at both ends. If the insulated tube of this type of fuse is filled with quartz sand, it has a current-limiting effect during current interruption, greatly improving breaking capacity, and is therefore also known as a high-breaking-capacity fuse. If the tube is evacuated, it is called a vacuum fuse. If the tube is filled with SF6 gas, it is called an SF6 fuse, aimed at improving arc extinction performance. Since quartz sand, vacuum, and SF6 gas all have good insulation properties, this type of fuse is suitable for both low-voltage and high-voltage applications. Expulsion fuses have the fusible element installed in an insulated tube made of solid gas-generating material. Solid gas-generating materials can include electrical anti-white cardboard or organic glass materials. When short-circuit current passes through the fusible element, it melts immediately, generating an electric arc. The high-temperature arc causes the solid gas-generating material to rapidly decompose, producing a large amount of high-pressure gas, which ejects the ionized gas and electric arc from both ends of the tube, emitting intense noise and light, and extinguishing the arc when the AC current crosses zero, thereby interrupting the current. The insulated tube is usually mounted on an insulated support to form the complete fuse assembly. Sometimes the upper end of the insulated tube is designed to be movable, detaching and dropping immediately after current interruption. This type of expulsion fuse is commonly known as a drop-out fuse.

Applied Materials electrical components function

In DC circuits, a capacitor acts as an open circuit. A capacitor is a component capable of storing electric charge and is one of the most commonly used electronic components. Starting with the structure of a capacitor, the simplest capacitor consists of two end plates and an insulating dielectric medium in between (including air). When energized, the plates become charged, forming a voltage (potential difference). However, due to the insulating material in between, the entire capacitor does not conduct electricity. However, this situation holds only under the premise that the critical voltage (breakdown voltage) of the capacitor is not exceeded. We know that any material is relatively insulating; when the voltage across a material increases to a certain level, the material can conduct electricity. We call this voltage the breakdown voltage. Capacitors are no exception; once a capacitor breaks down, it is no longer an insulator. However, at the secondary school level, such voltages are not encountered in circuits, so capacitors operate below the breakdown voltage and can be regarded as insulators. However, in AC circuits, because the direction of current changes over time according to a certain functional relationship, and the charging and discharging process of a capacitor takes time, a changing electric field is formed between the plates, and this electric field is also a function that varies with time. In fact, current passes through the capacitor in the form of an electric field.

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