Funke Huster electrical components German Funke Huster models Funke Huster prices

Funke Huster electrical components include single heterojunction, double heterojunction, and quantum well laser diodes. Quantum well laser diodes offer the advantages of low threshold current and high output power, making them mainstream products in market applications. Compared with lasers, laser diodes have the advantages of high efficiency, small size, and long service life, but their low output power, poor linearity, and less-than-ideal monochromaticity greatly limit their application in cable television systems, preventing the transmission of multi-channel, high-performance analog signals. In the return module of bidirectional optical receivers, upstream transmission generally uses quantum well laser diodes as the light source.

Funke Huster electrical component principles

In chemical batteries, the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy results from spontaneous oxidation-reduction and other chemical reactions occurring inside the battery; these reactions take place at two electrodes. The negative electrode active material consists of a reducing agent with a more negative potential that is stable in the electrolyte, such as active metals like zinc, cadmium, and lead, or hydrogen and hydrocarbon compounds. The positive electrode active material consists of an oxidizing agent with a more positive potential that is stable in the electrolyte, such as metal oxides like manganese dioxide, lead dioxide, and nickel oxide, oxygen or air, halogens and their salts, oxyacids and their salts, etc. The electrolyte is a material with good ionic conductivity, such as aqueous solutions of acids, bases, and salts, organic or inorganic non-aqueous solutions, molten salts, or solid electrolytes. When the external circuit is open, although there is a potential difference (open-circuit voltage) between the two poles, no current flows, and the chemical energy stored in the battery is not converted into electrical energy. When the external circuit is closed, current flows through it under the influence of the potential difference between the two electrodes. Meanwhile, inside the battery, since there are no free electrons in the electrolyte, charge transfer must be accompanied by oxidation or reduction reactions at the interface between the active materials of the two poles and the electrolyte, as well as mass transfer of reactants and reaction products. Charge transfer in the electrolyte is also accomplished by ion migration. Therefore, normal charge and mass transfer processes inside the battery are necessary conditions for ensuring normal electrical energy output. During charging, the direction of charge and mass transfer processes inside the battery is exactly opposite to that during discharging; electrode reactions must be reversible to ensure the normal progress of reverse mass and charge transfer processes. Thus, reversibility of electrode reactions is a necessary condition for constituting a storage battery. This is the basic thermodynamic relationship between battery electromotive force and battery reaction, and also the basic thermodynamic equation for calculating battery energy conversion efficiency. In practice, when current flows through an electrode, the electrode potential deviates from the thermodynamically balanced electrode potential; this phenomenon is called polarization. The greater the current density (current passing through unit electrode area), the more severe the polarization. Polarization is one of the important causes of battery energy loss. There are three causes of polarization: (1) polarization caused by the resistance of various parts within the battery is called ohmic polarization; (2) polarization caused by the hindrance of the charge transfer process in the electrode-electrolyte interface layer is called activation polarization; (3) polarization caused by sluggish mass transfer processes in the electrode-electrolyte interface layer is called concentration polarization. Methods to reduce polarization include increasing the electrode reaction area, reducing current density, raising the reaction temperature, and improving the catalytic activity of the electrode surface.

Funke Huster electrical component requirements

1 Copper and aluminum rods commonly used for power cables are passed through one or several drawing dies on a wire drawing machine at ambient temperature to reduce their cross-section, increase their length, and improve their strength. Wire drawing is the first process in wire and cable companies, and the primary process parameter is die matching technique. 2 Copper and aluminum single wires are heated to a certain temperature to improve toughness and reduce strength via recrystallization, meeting the requirements for conductive cores in wires and cables. The key to the annealing process is to prevent oxidation of copper wires. 3 To improve the flexibility of power cables for easier installation, conductive cores are made by stranding multiple single wires. Stranding methods for conductive cores can be divided into regular stranding and irregular stranding. Irregular stranding includes bunch stranding, concentric composite stranding, and special stranding. To reduce the occupied area of conductors and the geometric dimensions of power cables, compacted methods are used during stranding, changing the standard circular shape into semi-circular, sectoral, tile-shaped, and compacted circular shapes. Such conductors are mainly used in power cables. 4 Plastic power cables mainly use extruded solid insulation layers. The tolerance of the plastic insulation thickness is an important indicator of the extrusion process level; most product structural dimensions and their tolerances are clearly specified in standards. The surface of the plastic insulation layer must be smooth, without defects such as roughness, scorching, or impurities. The cross-section of the insulation layer must be dense and robust, with no visible pinholes or bubbles. 5 Multi-core power cables are generally stranded into a circular shape to ensure form stability and reduce the cable's form factor. The stranding mechanism is similar to conductor stranding, but due to the larger lay length, non-back-twist methods are mostly used. Technical requirements for cabling include: first, preventing irregular insulated cores from overturning and causing cable twisting; second, avoiding damage to the insulation layer. Most cables undergo two additional processes during cabling: filling, to ensure the roundness and stability of the cable after cabling; and binding, to keep the cable core tight. 6 To protect insulated cores from damage by armor, appropriate protection is applied to the insulation layer. Inner sheaths are divided into extruded inner sheaths (separator sleeves) and wrapped inner sheaths (bedding). Wrapped bedding replaces binding tapes and is performed synchronously with the cabling process. 7 For power cables laid underground that may withstand certain positive pressure during operation, an internal steel tape armor structure can be selected. For power cables laid in locations subject to both positive pressure and tensile forces (such as in water, vertical shafts, or soil with significant elevation drops), structures with internal steel wire armor should be selected. 11 The outer sheath is the structural part that protects the cable's insulation layer from environmental corrosion. The main functions of the outer sheath are to improve the mechanical strength of the power cable, provide resistance to chemical corrosion, moisture, water ingress, and prevent cable combustion. Depending on different requirements for power cables, plastic sheaths are directly extruded using an extruder.

Funke Huster electrical component principles

Photoelectric sensors achieve control by converting changes in light intensity into changes in electrical signals. Generally, photoelectric sensors consist of three parts: a transmitter, a receiver, and a detection circuit. The transmitter emits a beam of light toward the target; the emitted beam usually comes from a semiconductor light source, such as light-emitting diodes (LED), laser diodes, and infrared emitting diodes. The beam is emitted continuously, or the pulse width is varied. The receiver consists of photodiodes, phototransistors, and photocells. Optical components such as lenses and apertures are installed in front of the receiver. Behind it is the detection circuit, which filters out valid signals and applies them.

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