Funke & Huster electrical components, German Funke & Huster models, Funke & Huster prices

Funke & Huster electrical components are common light-emitting devices that emit light by releasing energy through the recombination of electrons and holes, and they are widely used in the lighting field. Light-emitting diodes can efficiently convert electrical energy into light energy and have extensive applications in modern society, such as in lighting, flat-panel displays, and medical devices. This type of electronic component first appeared in 1962, initially emitting only low-intensity red light. Later, versions emitting other monochromatic lights were developed, with emitted light covering the visible spectrum, infrared, and ultraviolet ranges, and luminous intensity significantly increased. Their applications evolved from initial uses as indicator lights and display panels; light-emitting diodes are abbreviated as LED. They are made from compounds containing gallium, arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen, etc. When electrons and holes recombine, they radiate visible light, allowing them to be used to manufacture light-emitting diodes. They serve as indicator lights in circuits and instruments, or form character and numeric displays. Gallium arsenide diodes emit red light, gallium phosphide diodes emit green light, silicon carbide diodes emit yellow light, and gallium nitride diodes emit blue light. Based on chemical properties, they are divided into organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) and inorganic light-emitting diodes (LED). LED was initially used for indicative lighting in instruments and meters, later expanding to traffic signals, landscape lighting, automotive lighting, and mobile phone keypads and backlights. Later, new technology for micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LED) was developed, which significantly reduced the size of traditional light-emitting diodes. Arrays of independently emitting red, blue, and green micro-LEDs are formed for use in display technology. Micro-LEDs feature self-emissive display characteristics, offering higher efficiency, longer lifespan, and greater stability against environmental influences compared to self-emissive organic light-emitting diodes.

Funke & Huster electrical component principles

Mainly consists of LC circuits composed of capacitors and inductors, generating free oscillations through the mutual conversion of electric field energy and magnetic field energy. To sustain oscillation, an amplifier circuit with positive feedback is required. LC oscillators are further divided into transformer-coupled and three-point oscillators. Many applications use quartz crystal oscillators with quartz crystals, and there are also LC oscillators composed of integrated operational amplifiers. Since component parameters cannot be perfectly identical, the states of the two transistors change at the moment of power-up. This change becomes increasingly intense due to positive feedback, leading to a quasi-stable state. During the quasi-stable period, the other transistor gradually charges via the capacitor and then conducts or cuts off, causing the state to flip and reach another quasi-stable state. This cycle repeats to form oscillation.

Funke & Huster electrical component principles

In power generation, transformation, transmission, distribution, and consumption lines, current magnitudes vary significantly, ranging from a few amperes to tens of thousands of amperes. For ease of measurement, protection, and control, currents need to be converted to a more uniform level. Additionally, voltages on lines are generally high, making direct measurement very dangerous. Current transformers serve the functions of current transformation and electrical isolation. For analog ammeters, the secondary current of current transformers is mostly in the ampere range. For digital instruments, the sampled signal is generally in the milliampere range. The secondary current of miniature current transformers is in the milliampere range, primarily serving as a bridge between large transformers and sampling. Miniature current transformers are also referred to as 'instrument current transformers.' ('Instrument current transformers' also implies precision current transformers with multiple current ratios used in laboratories, generally for extending instrument ranges.) Current transformers operate based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, similar to transformers; however, transformers transform voltage, while current transformers transform current. The winding connected to the measured current is called the primary winding; the winding connected to the measuring instrument is called the secondary winding. The ratio of the primary winding current I1 to the secondary winding I10 current is called the actual current ratio K. The current ratio when the current transformer operates at rated current is called the rated current ratio of the current transformer, denoted by Kn.

Funke & Huster electrical component classification

Plug-in fuses are commonly used at the end of lines for short-circuit protection of distribution branch circuits or electrical equipment. Spiral fuses have a fuse indicator on the upper cap of the fuse element. Once the fuse element melts, the indicator pops out immediately and can be observed through the glass hole on the ceramic cap. They are commonly used in machine tool electrical control equipment. Spiral fuses. Enclosed fuses are divided into filled and unfilled types. Filled fuses generally use square ceramic tubes containing quartz sand and the fuse element, offering high breaking capacity. Unfilled enclosed fuses enclose the fuse element in a sealed cylinder, having slightly lower breaking capacity. Fast-acting fuses are mainly used for short-circuit protection of semiconductor rectifier elements or rectifier devices. Since semiconductor components have very low overload capacity and can only withstand large overload currents for extremely short periods, short-circuit protection requires fast-acting fusing capability. The structure of fast-acting fuses is basically the same as that of filled enclosed fuses, but the fuse element material and shape differ. It uses a silver sheet stamped with a V-shaped deep groove variable cross-section fuse element. Fast-acting fuses are commonly abbreviated as 'fast fuses,' characterized by fast fusing speed, high rated current, strong breaking capacity, stable current-limiting characteristics, and small volume. Self-resetting fuses use sodium metal as the fuse element, which has high conductivity at room temperature. When a short-circuit fault occurs in the circuit, the short-circuit current generates high temperatures that rapidly vaporize the sodium. The gaseous sodium presents a high-resistance state, thereby limiting the short-circuit current. After the short-circuit current disappears, the temperature drops, and the sodium metal restores its original good conductivity. Self-resetting fuses can only limit short-circuit current and cannot truly interrupt the circuit. Their advantage is that the fuse element does not need to be replaced, allowing for repeated use.

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