FUNKE+HUSTER electrical components Germany FUNKE+HUSTER model FUNKE+HUSTER price

FUNKE+HUSTER electrical components are Zener diodes manufactured by utilizing the reverse breakdown state of a PN junction, a phenomenon where current can vary over a wide range while voltage remains essentially constant. This diode is a semiconductor device with very high resistance up to the critical reverse breakdown voltage. At this critical breakdown point, the reverse resistance drops to a very low value; in this low-resistance region, current increases while voltage remains constant. Zener diodes are graded according to their breakdown voltage. Due to this characteristic, Zener diodes are primarily used as voltage regulators or voltage reference elements. Zener diodes can be connected in series for use at higher voltages, allowing for higher stable voltages through series connection.

FUNKE+HUSTER electrical component principle

LCD is a display that uses liquid crystal as the material. Liquid crystals are a class of organic compounds intermediate between solid and liquid states. At room temperature, they exhibit both the fluidity of liquids and the optical anisotropy of crystals. They become a transparent liquid when heated and a crystalline opaque solid when cooled. Under the influence of an electric field, the arrangement of liquid crystal molecules changes, affecting the intensity of incident light passing through the liquid crystal. This change in light intensity is further manifested as a change in brightness through the action of polarizers. Accordingly, controlling the electric field of the liquid crystal allows for brightness changes, thereby achieving information display. Thus, the function of liquid crystal material is similar to that of small "light valves." Since control circuits and driver circuits exist around the liquid crystal material, when electrodes in the LCD generate an electric field, the liquid crystal molecules twist, regularly refracting the light passing through them (optical activity of the liquid crystal material), which is then filtered by a second polarizer and displayed on the screen. It is worth noting that because liquid crystal material does not emit light itself, LCD displays typically require an additional light source for the display panel. The main light source system is called the "backlight module," in which the backlight plate is composed of fluorescent materials that emit light, primarily providing a uniform backlight source.

FUNKE+HUSTER electrical component principle

Like ordinary diodes, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) consist of a PN junction and also possess unidirectional conductivity. When a forward voltage is applied to an LED, holes injected from the P region into the N region and electrons injected from the N region into the P region recombine with electrons in the N region and holes in the P region, respectively, within a few micrometers of the PN junction, producing spontaneous radiative fluorescence. The energy states of electrons and holes differ in different semiconductor materials. The amount of energy released during electron-hole recombination varies; the greater the energy released, the shorter the wavelength of the emitted light. Commonly used diodes emit red, green, or yellow light. The reverse breakdown voltage of an LED is greater than 14 volts. Its forward V-I characteristic curve is very steep, so a current-limiting resistor must be connected in series to control the current through the diode. The core part of an LED is a chip composed of P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor. Between the P-type and N-type semiconductors lies a transition layer called the PN junction. In the PN junction of certain semiconductor materials, when injected minority carriers recombine with majority carriers, excess energy is released in the form of light, directly converting electrical energy into light energy. When a reverse voltage is applied to the PN junction, minority carrier injection is difficult, so no light is emitted. When it is in forward operation (i.e., a forward voltage is applied across the terminals), current flows from the LED anode to the cathode, and the semiconductor crystal emits light of various colors from ultraviolet to infrared. The light intensity is related to the current.

FUNKE+HUSTER electrical component applications

Basic circuits of analog integrated circuits include current sources, single-stage amplifiers, filters, feedback circuits, and current mirror circuits. Higher-level basic circuits composed of these include operational amplifiers and comparators. Even higher-level circuits include switched-capacitor circuits, phase-locked loops, and ADC/DAC. Based on the response relationship between output and input signals, analog integrated circuits can be divided into two major categories: linear integrated circuits and nonlinear integrated circuits. The response between output and input signals in the former is usually linear; the output signal shape is similar to the input signal, merely amplified by a fixed coefficient. In contrast, the response of the output signal to the input signal in nonlinear integrated circuits exhibits a nonlinear relationship, such as square or logarithmic relationships, hence the term nonlinear circuits. Common nonlinear circuits include oscillators, timers, and phase-locked loop circuits. Typical applications of analog integrated circuits are shown in the figure below. External natural signals collected by various sensors (temperature, humidity, optical, piezoelectric, acoustic, etc.) or antennas are preprocessed by analog circuits and converted into suitable digital signals for input into digital systems. Signals processed by the digital system are then post-processed by analog circuits and converted into analog signals such as sound, images, and radio waves for output.

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