Wittwer electrical components German Wittwer models Wittwer prices

Wittwer electrical components are constituent parts of electronic components and small electrical machines and instruments. They often consist of several parts and are interchangeable within similar products; they commonly refer to certain parts in the electrical, radio, and instrumentation industries. In practice, electronic components is the collective term for components and devices.

Wittwer electrical component principles

The operating principle of a discharge tube is gas gap discharge. i When a specific voltage is applied between the two electrodes of the discharge tube, a non-uniform electric field is generated between the electrodes: under the action of this electric field, the gas inside the tube begins to ionize. When the applied voltage increases to the point where the field strength between the electrodes exceeds the insulation strength of the gas, the gap between the two electrodes breaks down due to discharge, transitioning from an insulating state to a conductive state. After conduction, the voltage between the two electrodes of the discharge tube is maintained at the residual voltage level determined by the discharge arc channel. This residual voltage is generally very low, thereby protecting electronic equipment connected in parallel with the discharge tube from overvoltage damage.

Wittwer electrical component structure

Inductors generally consist of a bobbin, winding, shield, encapsulation material, magnetic core, or iron core. 1. Bobbin: The bobbin refers to the support for winding the coil. For larger fixed inductors or adjustable inductors (such as oscillator coils and choke coils), enameled wire (or silk-covered wire) is mostly wound around the bobbin, and then a magnetic core, copper core, or iron core is inserted into the inner cavity of the bobbin to increase its inductance. Bobbins are usually made of plastic, bakelite, or ceramic, and can be manufactured into different shapes according to actual needs. Small inductors (such as color-coded inductors) generally do not use bobbins but instead wind the enameled wire directly onto the magnetic core. Air-core inductors (also known as skeleton coils or air coils, mostly used in high-frequency circuits) do not use magnetic cores, bobbins, or shields; instead, they are wound on a mold first, then the mold is removed, and a certain distance is maintained between the turns of the coil. 2. Winding: The winding refers to a set of coils with specified functions and is the basic component of an inductor. Windings are divided into single-layer and multi-layer types. Single-layer windings have two forms: close-wound (where wires are wound turn by turn adjacent to each other) and spaced-wound (where a certain distance is maintained between each turn of wire during winding); multi-layer windings include layered flat winding, random winding, honeycomb winding, and other methods. 3. Magnetic core and magnetic rod: Magnetic cores and rods are generally made of materials such as nickel-zinc ferrite or manganese-zinc ferrite. They come in various shapes such as "I" shape, cylindrical, cap-shaped, "E" shape, and pot shape. 4. Iron core: Iron core materials mainly include silicon steel sheets and permalloy, and their shape is mostly "E" type. 5. Shield: To prevent the magnetic field generated by some inductors during operation from affecting the normal operation of other circuits and components, a metal shield is added (such as the oscillator coil in semiconductor radios). Inductors using shields will increase coil losses, reducing the Q value. 16. Encapsulation material: Some inductors (such as color-coded inductors and color-ring inductors) are sealed with encapsulation material after winding to enclose the coil and magnetic core. Encapsulation materials include plastic or epoxy resin.

Wittwer electrical component structure

1. LCD panel: The LCD panel includes polarizing film, glass substrate, black matrix, color filter, protective film, common electrode, alignment layer, liquid crystal layer (liquid crystal, spacers, sealant), capacitor, display electrode, prism sheet, and diffuser layer. The polarizing film, also known as a polarizer, is divided into an upper polarizer and a lower polarizer. The polarization functions of the upper and lower polarizers are perpendicular to each other. Their function is like a fence, blocking light wave components as required, for example, blocking light wave components perpendicular to the polarizer fence while only allowing light wave components parallel to the fence to pass through. 2. Glass substrate: In liquid crystal displays, glass substrates are divided into upper and lower substrates. Their main function is to hold the liquid crystal material in the space between the two substrates. The material for glass substrates is generally alkali-free borosilicate glass with excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance, and chemical corrosion resistance. For TFT-LCD, one layer of glass substrate has TFT distributed on it, while the other layer of glass substrate has color filters deposited on it. 3. Black matrix: The black matrix uses highly light-blocking materials to separate the red, green, and blue primary colors in the color filter (to prevent color mixing) and to prevent light leakage, thereby helping to improve the contrast of each color block. Additionally, in TFT-LCD, the black matrix can conceal internal electrode wiring or thin-film transistors. The color filter, also known as a color filter membrane, generates red, green, and blue 3 primary colors to achieve full-color display on the liquid crystal display. 4. Alignment layer: The alignment layer, also known as the orientation film or directional layer, allows liquid crystal molecules to achieve uniform arrangement and orientation at the microscopic level. 5. Transparent electrode: Transparent electrodes are divided into common electrodes and pixel electrodes. The input signal voltage is applied between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. Transparent electrodes are typically formed by depositing indium tin oxide (ITO) material on the glass substrate to create a transparent conductive layer. 6. Liquid crystal material: Liquid crystal material acts like a light valve in LCD, controlling the brightness of transmitted light to achieve information display. 7. Driver IC: The driver IC is essentially a set of integrated circuit chip devices used to adjust and control the phase, peak value, frequency, etc., of potential signals on the transparent electrodes, establishing a driving electric field to ultimately realize information display on the liquid crystal. In LCD panels, active matrix liquid crystal displays are constructed by sealing twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal material between two glass substrates. Among them, the upper glass substrate (close to the display screen) is deposited with red, green, and blue (RGB) three-color color filters (or color filter membranes), a black matrix, and a common transparent electrode. The lower glass substrate (the substrate farther from the display screen) is equipped with thin-film transistor (TFT) devices, transparent pixel electrodes, storage capacitors, gate lines, signal lines, etc. Alignment layers (or orientation layers) are prepared on the inner sides of the two glass substrates to orient the liquid crystal molecules. Liquid crystal material is injected between the two glass substrates, and spacers are dispersed to ensure uniformity of the gap. The perimeter is bonded with frame sealant for sealing purposes; the common electrodes of the upper and lower glass substrates are connected using silver dot adhesive technology. Polarizers (or polarizing films) are attached to the outer sides of the upper and lower glass substrates, respectively. When a voltage is applied between the pixel transparent electrode and the common transparent electrode, the arrangement state of the liquid crystal molecules changes. At this time, the intensity of incident light passing through the liquid crystal also changes. Liquid crystal displays utilize the optical rotation property of liquid crystal materials combined with electric field control to achieve information display. 8. Backlight module: LCD products are non-emissive electronic devices that do not have inherent light-emitting properties. They must rely on the emission of light sources in the backlight module to achieve display performance. Therefore, the brightness of LCD is determined by its backlight module. Thus, the performance of the backlight module directly affects the display quality of the LCD panel. The backlight module includes illumination light sources, reflectors, light guide plates, diffusion sheets, brightness enhancement films (prism sheets), and frames. The backlight modules used in LCD can be mainly divided into two categories: side-light backlight modules and direct-light backlight modules. Mobile phones, laptops, and monitors (15 inches) mainly use side-light backlight modules, while LCD TVs mostly use direct-light backlight module light sources. Cold cathode fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diodes are the main backlights for LCD. 9. Reflector: The reflector, also known as the reflector hood, mainly functions to direct all light emitted by the light source into the light guide plate, minimizing unnecessary loss as much as possible. 1. Light guide plate: The main function of the light guide plate is to guide light from the side light source to the front of the panel. 11. Prism sheet: The prism sheet, also known as the brightness enhancement film, mainly functions to concentrate scattered light through refraction and total reflection within the film layer, emitting it from the backlight source at a specific angle to achieve a screen brightening effect.22. Diffusion sheet: The main function of the diffusion sheet is to correct the side-light from the backlight module into a uniform surface light source to achieve optical diffusion. Diffusion sheets are divided into upper diffusion sheets and lower diffusion sheets. The upper diffusion sheet is located between the prism sheet and the liquid crystal assembly, closer to the display panel. The lower diffusion sheet is located between the light guide plate and the prism sheet, closer to the backlight source.

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