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TET7-10C electrical components are indispensable measuring instruments for departments such as power electronics, generally aimed at measuring voltage, current, and resistance. Multimeters are classified into analog multimeters and digital multimeters based on the display method. They are multifunctional, multi-range measuring instruments. General multimeters can measure DC current, DC voltage, AC current, AC voltage, resistance, and audio levels. Some can also measure AC current, capacitance, inductance, and certain semiconductor parameters (such as β). A multimeter is a magnetoelectric instrument with a rectifier that can measure various electrical parameters such as AC/DC current, voltage, and resistance. For each electrical quantity, there are generally several ranges. Also known as a multitester or simply multimeter. A multimeter consists of a magnetoelectric ammeter (meter head), measuring circuit, and selector switch. By changing the selector switch, various electrical parameters can be measured conveniently. The main basis for its circuit calculation is Ohm's law for closed circuits. There are many types of multimeters, which should be selected according to different requirements during use.

TET7-10C Electrical Component Classification

(1) Point-contact diodes have a small PN junction contact area, cannot pass large forward currents or withstand high reverse voltages, but have good high-frequency performance, making them suitable for use in high-frequency detection circuits and switching circuits. (2) Surface-contact diodes have a large PN junction contact area, can pass large currents, and can withstand high reverse voltages, making them suitable for use in rectifier circuits. (3) Planar diodes have a small PN junction area when used as switching tubes in pulse digital circuits, and a larger PN junction area when used for high-power rectification. (4) Zener diodes are a special type of surface-contact semiconductor silicon diode, having the function of stabilizing voltage. The main difference between zener diodes and ordinary diodes is that zener diodes operate in the reverse breakdown state of the PN junction. By implementing process measures during manufacturing and limiting the magnitude of reverse current during use, it is ensured that the zener diode will not be damaged by overheating in the reverse breakdown state. Unlike general diodes, the reverse breakdown of a zener diode is reversible; as long as the current does not exceed the allowable value of the zener diode, the PN junction will not be damaged by overheating. When the external reverse voltage is removed, the zener diode restores its original performance, so zener diodes have good repetitive breakdown characteristics. (5) Photodiodes, also known as photosensitive diodes. Their casing is equipped with a glass window to facilitate light reception. Their characteristic is that when light irradiates their PN junction, free electrons and holes are generated in pairs, increasing the concentration of minority carriers in the semiconductor. Under a certain reverse bias voltage, this causes the reverse current to increase. Therefore, their reverse current increases linearly with the increase of light intensity. When there is no light, the volt-ampere characteristics of the photodiode are the same as those of an ordinary diode. As light-controlled components, photodiodes can be used in various applications such as object detection, photoelectric control, and automatic alarms. When made into large-area photodiodes, they can serve as an energy source and are called solar cells. In this case, they do not require an external power supply and can directly convert light energy into electrical energy. (6) Light-emitting diodes are semiconductor solid-state display devices that directly convert electrical energy into light energy, abbreviated as LED. Similar to ordinary diodes, light-emitting diodes are also composed of a PN structure. The PN junction of the light-emitting diode is encapsulated in a transparent plastic shell, with shapes including square, rectangular, and circular. Light-emitting diodes have advantages such as low drive voltage, small operating current, strong resistance to vibration and shock, small size, high reliability, low power consumption, and long life, and are widely used in signal indication circuits. In electronic technology, the commonly used numeric tubes operate on the opposite principle to photodiodes. When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased and current passes through, it emits light, which is the result of energy release when electrons and holes recombine directly. Its spectral range is relatively narrow, and its wavelength depends on the basic material used.

TET7-10C Electrical Component Classification

Printed circuit boards are divided into three major categories based on the number of layers: single-sided boards, double-sided boards, and multi-layer boards. First is the single-sided board, where components are concentrated on one side of the basic PCB, and traces are concentrated on the other side. Because traces appear only on one side, this type of PCB is called a single-sided printed circuit board. Single-sided boards are usually simple to manufacture and low in cost, but the disadvantage is that they cannot be applied to too complex products. Double-sided boards are an extension of single-sided boards; when single-layer routing cannot meet the needs of electronic products, double-sided boards must be used. Both sides have copper cladding and traces, and vias can be used to conduct circuits between the two layers, forming the required network connections. Multi-layer boards refer to printed boards formed by laminating more than three conductive graphic layers with insulating materials in between, with the conductive graphics interconnected as required. Multi-layer printed circuit boards are the product of the development of electronic information technology towards high speed, multi-function, large capacity, small volume, thin profile, and lightweight. Printed circuit boards are divided into flexible boards (FPC), rigid boards (PCB), and rigid-flex boards (FPCB) based on their characteristics.

TET7-10C Electrical Component Classification

Thermosensitive materials are generally divided into three categories: semiconductor, metal, and alloy: 1. Semiconductor thermistor materials include single-crystal semiconductors, polycrystalline semiconductors, glass semiconductors, organic semiconductors, and metal oxides. They all have very large temperature coefficients of resistance and high resistivity, and sensors made from them have quite high sensitivity. Based on the temperature coefficient of resistance, they can also be divided into negative temperature coefficient materials and positive temperature coefficient materials. For example, barium titanate ceramic is an ideal positive temperature coefficient semiconductor material. Both of the above materials are widely used in temperature measurement, temperature control, temperature compensation, switching circuits, overload protection, and time delay, such as being used to make thermistor thermometers, thermistor switches, and thermistor delay relays. Because the resistance and temperature of these materials have an exponential relationship, the temperature measurement range is narrow and uniformity is poor. 2. Metal thermistor materials are widely used as thermal resistors for temperature measurement, current limiters, and automatic constant temperature heating elements. Examples include platinum resistance thermometers, nickel resistance thermometers, and copper resistance thermometers. Among them, platinum temperature sensors exhibit obvious high precision and high stability characteristics in various media (including corrosive media). However, due to the scarcity and high price of platinum, their widespread application is somewhat limited. Copper temperature sensors are cheaper, but long-term use in corrosive media can lead to significant changes in static characteristics and resistance values. Nickel temperature sensors are widely used abroad and are considered a relatively ideal material because they have high sensitivity, satisfactory reproducibility, and stability. 3. Alloy thermistor materials, also known as thermistor alloys. This type of alloy has higher resistivity, and its resistance value is relatively sensitive to temperature changes, making it a good material for manufacturing temperature-sensitive sensors. The performance requirements for thermistor alloys as temperature-sensitive sensors are as follows: (1) sufficiently large resistivity; (2) quite high temperature coefficient of resistance; (3) linear expansion coefficient close to that of experimental materials; (4) small strain sensitivity coefficient; (6) good repeatability of the resistance-temperature curve when heating and cooling within the operating temperature range.

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