Effekta Regeltechnik electrical components Germany Effekta Regeltechnik models Effekta Regeltechnik prices

Effekta Regeltechnik electrical components refer to lightning arrestor tubes or antenna switch tubes used for overvoltage protection, which contain two or more electrodes filled with a certain amount of inert gas. A gas discharge tube is a gap-type lightning protection component used for lightning protection in communication systems. A gas discharge tube is a gap-type lightning protection component that has been widely applied in the lightning protection of communication systems. Discharge tubes are commonly used in the first stage or the first two stages of multi-stage protection circuits to discharge instantaneous lightning overcurrents and limit overvoltages. Due to the high inter-electrode insulation resistance and low parasitic capacitance of discharge tubes, they have clear advantages for lightning protection of high-frequency signal lines. The main disadvantages of the protection characteristics of discharge tubes are their large discharge delay and less-than-ideal operating sensitivity, making it difficult to effectively suppress lightning waves with steep wavefront rise times, and there is a follow-current issue in the lightning protection of power systems. Commonly used gas discharge tubes include two-electrode and three-electrode discharge tubes; their encapsulation housing materials are mostly ceramic, hence they are called ceramic discharge tubes.

Effekta Regeltechnik electrical components principle

Microphones have evolved from initial resistance-based electro-acoustic conversion to inductive and capacitive conversion. Many new microphone technologies have gradually developed, including aluminum ribbon moving-coil microphones, as well as the currently widely used condenser microphones and electret microphones. The working principle of a moving-coil microphone is that human voice vibrates the diaphragm through air, and then the electromagnetic coil winding on the diaphragm cuts the magnetic field formed by the magnet surrounding the moving-coil microphone head, generating a weak fluctuating current. The current is transmitted to the amplifier, which converts the fluctuating current back into sound through the reverse process. For ribbon microphones, the aluminum ribbon serves as both the microphone diaphragm and the conductor moving in the magnetic field. The aluminum ribbon is usually made of aluminum foil. To achieve a more ideal resonant frequency, the aluminum ribbon is corrugated to maintain a precise tension value. As a conductor and microphone diaphragm, the aluminum ribbon is suspended in the magnetic field between the two magnetic pole faces, vibrating with the frequency of the incident sound wave, while generating a certain voltage output at both ends of the aluminum ribbon. A condenser microphone has two metal plates, one of which is coated with an electret film and grounded, while the other plate is connected to the gate of a field-effect transistor, with a diode connected between the gate and the source. The diaphragm of a condenser microphone mostly uses polyfluoroethylene propylene, which has good humidity performance, generates more surface charge, and is less affected by humidity. Since this transducer also has a capacitive structure with very high internal signal resistance, its output end must also use a field-effect transistor to extract and amplify the voltage signal generated by sound.

Effekta Regeltechnik electrical components classification

1. By application: pressure-sensitive and force-sensitive sensors, position sensors, level sensors, energy consumption sensors, speed sensors, acceleration sensors, radiation sensors, thermal sensors. 2. By principle: vibration sensors, humidity-sensitive sensors, magnetic-sensitive sensors, gas-sensitive sensors, vacuum degree sensors, biological sensors, etc. 3. By output signal: (1) Analog sensors can convert the measured non-electrical quantities into analog electrical signals. (2) Digital sensors: convert the measured non-electrical quantities into digital output signals (including direct and indirect conversion). (3) Pseudo-digital sensors: convert the measured signal quantity into frequency signals or short-period signal outputs (including direct or indirect conversion). (4) Switch sensors: when a measured signal reaches a specific threshold, the sensor correspondingly outputs a set low-level or high-level signal. 4. By manufacturing process: Integrated sensors are manufactured using standard production processes for silicon-based semiconductor integrated circuits. Usually, part of the circuit for preliminary processing of the measured signal is also integrated on the same chip. Thin-film sensors are formed by depositing thin films of corresponding sensitive materials on a dielectric substrate (base plate). When using hybrid processes, part of the circuit can also be manufactured on this substrate. Thick-film sensors are made by coating slurry of corresponding materials onto ceramic substrates, usually made of alumina, followed by heat treatment to form the thick film. Ceramic sensors are produced using standard ceramic processes or certain variants (sol-gel, etc.). After appropriate preparatory operations, the formed elements are sintered at high temperatures. There are many common characteristics between thick-film and ceramic sensor processes; in some aspects, thick-film process can be considered a variant of ceramic process. Each process technology has its own advantages and disadvantages. Due to lower capital investment required for research, development, and production, as well as the high stability of sensor parameters, it is more reasonable to adopt ceramic and thick-film sensors. 5. By measurement purpose: Physical sensors are made using the characteristic that certain physical properties of the measured substance undergo significant changes. Chemical sensors are made using sensitive elements that can convert chemical quantities such as the composition and concentration of chemical substances into electrical quantities. Biological sensors are made using various biological or biomaterial characteristics to detect and identify chemical components in living organisms. 6. By composition: (1) Basic sensors are the most fundamental single transformation devices. (2) Combined sensors are sensors composed of different single transformation devices. (3) Application-specific sensors are sensors composed of basic sensors or combined sensors with other mechanisms. 11. By mode of action: They can be divided into active and passive sensors. Active sensors include acting type and reaction type. Such sensors can emit a certain detection signal to the measured object, detect changes produced by the detection signal in the measured object, or form a signal by producing a certain effect in the measured object by the detection signal. Those detecting changes in the detection signal are called acting type, while those detecting responses to form signals are called reaction type. Radar and radio frequency range detectors are examples of acting type, while photoacoustic effect analysis devices and laser analyzers are examples of reaction type. Passive sensors only receive signals generated by the measured object itself, such as infrared radiation thermometers and infrared imaging devices.

Effekta Regeltechnik electrical components parameters

The main characteristic parameters of quartz crystal resonators include nominal frequency, adjustment frequency deviation, temperature frequency deviation, equivalent resistance, drive level, load capacitance, static capacitance, aging rate, and temperature range. (1) Nominal frequency is the specified resonant center frequency of the resonator under prescribed conditions. (2) Adjustment frequency deviation is the maximum deviation of the operating frequency relative to the nominal frequency at the reference temperature under prescribed conditions. (3) Temperature frequency deviation is the allowable deviation relative to the operating frequency at the reference temperature over the entire operating temperature range under prescribed conditions. (4) Reference temperature is the specified ambient temperature when measuring quartz crystal resonator parameters. For constant-temperature quartz crystal resonators, it is generally the center point of the operating temperature range; (5) Load resonant resistance is the resistance value at the load resonant frequency when the quartz crystal resonator is connected in series with the specified external capacitance. (6) Drive level refers to the effective power consumed when the quartz crystal resonator is working; it is a measure of the excitation state applied to the quartz crystal element. In actual use, the drive level can be adjusted; strong excitation makes it easy to start oscillation, while too weak excitation leads to poor frequency stability or even failure to oscillate. (7) Load capacitance refers to the effective external capacitance that, together with the quartz crystal resonator, determines the load resonant frequency. Load capacitance can be appropriately adjusted according to specific circumstances, and generally, the operating frequency of the resonator can be tuned to the nominal value through adjustment. (8) Static capacitance refers to the static capacitance between the two pins of the quartz crystal resonator. (9) Aging rate refers to the error caused by quartz crystal aging changes over time. (10) Temperature range refers to the allowable variation range of the ambient temperature during operation.

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