ATEHSPOL electrical components Germany ATEHSPOL model ATEHSPOL price

ATEHSPOL electrical component is a photodetector that converts light into current or voltage signals depending on the mode of use. The die often uses a photosensitive PN junction, which is highly sensitive to changes in light, exhibits unidirectional conductivity, and changes its electrical characteristics with varying light intensity, allowing the current in the circuit to be altered by the intensity of illumination. Photodiodes are also called photoelectric diodes. Photodiodes are similar in structure to semiconductor diodes; their die is a photosensitive PN junction with unidirectional conductivity, so a reverse voltage must be applied during operation. In the absence of light, there is a very small saturated reverse leakage current, known as dark current, at which point the photodiode is cut off. When exposed to light, the saturated reverse leakage current increases significantly, forming a photocurrent that varies with the intensity of the incident light. When light irradiates the PN junction, it generates electron-hole pairs within the PN junction, increasing the density of minority carriers. These carriers drift under reverse voltage, causing an increase in reverse current. Therefore, the current in the circuit can be changed by varying the light intensity.

ATEHSPOL electrical component principle

Its working principle is the same as that of a transformer, and its basic structure consists of an iron core and primary and secondary windings. It is characterized by a very small and relatively constant capacity, operating close to no-load conditions during normal operation. The impedance of the voltage transformer itself is very small; once a short circuit occurs on the secondary side, the current will increase sharply and burn out the coil. For this reason, the primary side of the voltage transformer is equipped with a fuse, and the secondary side is reliably grounded to prevent high potential to ground on the secondary side in case of insulation damage between the primary and secondary sides, which could cause personal injury and equipment accidents. Voltage transformers for measurement are generally made with a single-phase double-coil structure, where the primary voltage is the voltage to be measured (such as the line voltage of the power system). They can be used singly or two units can be connected in a V-V configuration for three-phase use. Voltage transformers used in laboratories often have multiple taps on the primary side to accommodate the need to measure different voltages. Voltage transformers for protective grounding also include a third coil, known as a three-coil voltage transformer. The third coils of the three phases are connected in an open-delta configuration, with the two terminals of the open delta connected to the voltage coil of the ground protection relay. During normal operation, the three-phase voltages of the power system are symmetrical, and the sum of the three-phase induced electromotive forces on the third coil is zero. Once a single-phase ground fault occurs, the neutral point shifts, and zero-sequence voltage appears between the terminals of the open delta, causing the relay to operate and thus protecting the power system. When zero-sequence voltage appears in the coil, corresponding zero-sequence flux appears in the iron core. For this reason, this type of three-phase voltage transformer uses a side-yoke iron core or three single-phase voltage transformers. For this type of transformer, the accuracy requirement for the third coil is not high, but it requires certain over-excitation characteristics (i.e., when the primary voltage increases, the magnetic flux density in the iron core increases by a corresponding factor without damage). Voltage transformers are indispensable electrical appliances in power transmission and supply systems such as power plants and substations. Precision voltage transformers are instruments used in electrical testing laboratories to expand measurement ranges and measure voltage, power, and energy. Voltage transformers are very similar to transformers, both being used to transform voltage on lines. Why is voltage transformation needed on lines? This is because, depending on the different situations of generation, transmission, and consumption, the voltage on the lines varies greatly, with some being low voltage 220V and 381V, and others being high voltage tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of volts. To directly measure these low and high voltages, corresponding low-voltage and high-voltage voltmeters and other instruments and relays would need to be manufactured according to the magnitude of the line voltage. This would not only bring great difficulties to instrument manufacturing, but more importantly, it is impossible and absolutely prohibited to directly manufacture high-voltage instruments and measure voltage directly on high-voltage lines.

ATEHSPOL electrical component applications

Wire and cable products used in power systems mainly include overhead bare wires, busbars (busbars), power cables (plastic cables, oil-paper power cables (basically replaced by plastic power cables), rubber-sheathed cables, overhead insulated cables), branch cables (replacing some busbars), magnet wires, and electrical equipment wires and cables for power equipment. Wire and cable products used in information transmission systems mainly include telephone cables, TV cables, electronic cables, RF cables, fiber optic cables, data cables, magnet wires, power communication cables, or other composite cables. Except for overhead bare wires, almost all other products in this category are applied, but mainly power cables, magnet wires, data cables, and instrument and meter cables.

ATEHSPOL electrical component classification

Classification by material: a, wire-wound resistors are made by winding resistance wire. They are manufactured by winding high-resistance alloy wire around an insulating core, coated with a heat-resistant glaze insulation layer or insulating varnish. Wire-wound resistors have a low temperature coefficient, high resistance accuracy, good stability, heat and corrosion resistance, and are mainly used as precision high-power resistors. The disadvantages are poor high-frequency performance and a large time constant. b, carbon composition resistors are formed by pressing carbon and synthetic plastic. c, carbon film resistors are made by depositing a layer of carbon on a ceramic tube, specifically by depositing crystalline carbon on a ceramic rod core. Carbon film resistors are low-cost, stable in performance, have a wide resistance range, and feature low temperature and voltage coefficients, making them the most widely used resistors at present. d, metal film resistors are made by depositing a layer of metal on a ceramic tube, using vacuum evaporation to deposit alloy material onto the surface of a ceramic rod core. Metal film resistors offer higher accuracy, better stability, lower noise, and a smaller temperature coefficient than carbon film resistors. They are extensively used in instruments and communication equipment. e, metal oxide film resistors are made by depositing a layer of tin oxide on a ceramic tube, forming a layer of metal oxide on an insulating rod. As they are oxides themselves, they are stable at high temperatures, resistant to thermal shock, and have strong load capacity. Classified by application, they include general-purpose, precision, high-frequency, high-voltage, high-resistance, high-power, and resistor networks.

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