AXIOMATIC electrical components Germany AXIOMATIC model AXIOMATIC price

AXIOMATIC electrical components are devices that change AC voltage using the principle of electromagnetic induction. The main components are the primary coil, secondary coil, and iron core (magnetic core). Main functions include: voltage transformation, current transformation, impedance transformation, isolation, and voltage stabilization (magnetic saturation transformer). Transformers can be classified by application into: distribution transformers, power transformers, fully sealed transformers, combined transformers, dry-type transformers, oil-immersed transformers, single-phase transformers, electric furnace transformers, rectifier transformers, reactors, anti-interference transformers, lightning protection transformers, box-type transformers, test transformers, phase-shifting transformers, high-current transformers, excitation transformers, etc.

AXIOMATIC electrical component characteristics

The static characteristics of a sensor refer to the relationship between the output and input quantities for static input signals. Since the input and output quantities are independent of time in this case, their relationship, i.e., the static characteristics of the sensor, can be described by an algebraic equation without time variables, or by a characteristic curve plotted with the input quantity as the abscissa and the corresponding output quantity as the ordinate. The main parameters characterizing the static characteristics of a sensor include: linearity, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, drift, etc. (1) Linearity: Refers to the degree to which the actual relationship curve between the sensor output and input deviates from the fitted straight line. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation between the actual characteristic curve and the fitted straight line over the full scale range to the full-scale output value. (2) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is an important indicator of the static characteristics of a sensor. It is defined as the ratio of the increment in the output quantity to the corresponding increment in the input quantity that causes this increment. S is used to represent sensitivity. (3) Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon where the input-output characteristic curves do not coincide when the input quantity changes from small to large (forward stroke) and from large to small (reverse stroke). For the same magnitude of input signal, the output signals for the forward and reverse strokes are not equal; this difference is called the hysteresis error. (4) Repeatability: Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency in the characteristic curves obtained when the sensor input quantity undergoes continuous multiple full-scale changes in the same direction. (5) Drift: Sensor drift refers to the phenomenon where the sensor output changes over time while the input quantity remains constant. There are two causes of drift: one is the sensor's own structural parameters; the other is the surrounding environment (such as temperature, humidity, etc.). (6) Resolution: When the sensor input increases slowly from a non-zero value, an observable change in output occurs after exceeding a certain increment; this input increment is called the sensor's resolution, i.e., the minimum input increment. (7) Threshold: When the sensor input increases slowly from zero, an observable change in output occurs after reaching a certain value; this input value is called the sensor's threshold voltage.

AXIOMATIC electrical component principles

A DC power supply has two electrodes, positive and negative. The potential at the positive electrode is high, and the potential at the negative electrode is low. When the two electrodes are connected to the circuit, they maintain a constant potential difference between the two ends of the circuit, thereby forming a current from the positive electrode to the negative electrode in the external circuit. Relying solely on the difference in water levels cannot maintain a steady water flow, but using a pump to continuously move water from a lower level to a higher level can maintain a certain water level difference and form a steady water flow. Similarly, relying solely on the electrostatic field generated by electric charges cannot maintain a steady current. However, with a DC power supply, non-electrostatic forces (referred to as "non-electrostatic force") can be used to return positive charges from the negative electrode with lower potential through the interior of the power supply to the positive electrode with higher potential, thereby maintaining the potential difference between the two electrodes and forming a steady current. Therefore, a DC power supply is an energy conversion device that converts other forms of energy into electrical energy to supply the circuit, maintaining the steady flow of current.

AXIOMATIC electrical component principles

The main raw material for ferrite beads is ferrite. Ferrite is a ferrimagnetic material with a cubic lattice structure. Ferrite materials are iron-magnesium alloys or iron-nickel alloys. Their manufacturing process and mechanical properties are similar to ceramics, and their color is gray-black. One type of magnetic core frequently used in electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters is ferrite material, and many manufacturers provide ferrite materials specifically for EMI suppression. This material is characterized by very high high-frequency losses and high permeability, which minimizes the capacitance generated between the windings of an inductor coil under high-frequency, high-impedance conditions. For ferrites used in EMI suppression, the most important performance parameters are permeability μ and saturation flux density Bs. Permeability μ can be expressed as a complex number, where the real part constitutes inductance and the imaginary part represents loss, which increases with frequency. Therefore, its equivalent circuit is a series circuit composed of inductance L and resistance R, where both L and R are functions of frequency. When a wire passes through this ferrite core, the resulting inductive impedance formally increases with frequency, but the mechanism is completely different at different frequencies. In the low-frequency range, the impedance consists of the inductive reactance of the inductor. At low frequencies, R is very small, the core permeability is high, and thus the inductance is large. L plays the main role, and EMI is suppressed by reflection. At this time, the core loss is small, and the entire component is an inductor with low loss and high Q characteristics. Such inductors are prone to resonance, so in the low-frequency range, interference may sometimes increase after using ferrite beads. In the high-frequency range, the impedance consists of the resistive component. As frequency increases, the core permeability decreases, leading to a reduction in inductance and inductive reactance. However, at this time, the core loss increases, and the resistive component increases, leading to an increase in total impedance. When high-frequency signals pass through the ferrite, EMI is absorbed and dissipated as heat. Ferrite suppression components are widely used on printed circuit boards (PCBs), power lines, and data lines. For example, adding ferrite suppression components at the power line entry point of a PCB can filter out high-frequency interference. Ferrite rings or beads are specifically used to suppress high-frequency interference and spike interference on signal lines and power lines, and they also have the ability to absorb electrostatic discharge (ESD) pulse interference. The values of the two components are proportional to the length of the bead, and the length of the bead has a significant impact on the suppression effect; the longer the bead, the better the suppression effect. Inductors can be used for power filtering. The circuit symbol for a ferrite bead is an inductor, but the model number indicates that a bead is used. In terms of circuit function, ferrite beads and inductors operate on the same principle, differing only in their frequency characteristics. Ferrite beads are composed of oxide magnets. Ferrite beads offer significant impedance only to high-frequency signals; their resistance is much lower than that of inductors at low frequencies. Ferrite beads are a rapidly developing type of anti-interference component that is inexpensive, easy to use, and effective at filtering high-frequency noise.

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