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berker electrical component is a high-power electrical component, also known as a thyristor. It has the advantages of small size, high efficiency, and long service life. In automatic control systems, it can serve as a high-power drive device, enabling low-power control elements to control high-power equipment. It is widely used in AC/DC motor speed control systems, power regulation systems, and servo systems. Thyristors are divided into unidirectional thyristors and bidirectional thyristors. Bidirectional thyristors are also called triac bidirectional thyristors, abbreviated as TRIAC. A bidirectional thyristor is structurally equivalent to two unidirectional thyristors connected in reverse; this thyristor has bidirectional conduction capability. Its on/off state is determined by the gate G. Applying a positive pulse (or negative pulse) to the gate G enables forward (or reverse) conduction. The advantages of this device are simple control circuitry and no reverse voltage withstand issue, making it particularly suitable for use as an AC contactless switch.

berker electrical component principle

Potentiometric displacement sensors convert mechanical displacement into resistance or voltage output that has a linear or arbitrary functional relationship with the displacement, via potentiometer elements. Standard linear potentiometers and rotary potentiometers can be used as linear displacement and angular displacement sensors, respectively. However, potentiometers designed for displacement measurement require a definite relationship between displacement change and resistance change. The movable wiper of a potentiometric displacement sensor is connected to the measured object. The object's displacement causes a resistance change at the potentiometer's moving terminal. The magnitude of the resistance change reflects the magnitude of the displacement, while an increase or decrease in resistance indicates the direction of displacement. Typically, a supply voltage is applied across the potentiometer to convert the resistance change into a voltage output. In wirewound potentiometers, the resistance changes in steps corresponding to the resistance per turn as the wiper moves, resulting in a stepped output characteristic. If such a displacement sensor is used as a displacement feedback element in a servo system, excessive step voltages can cause system oscillation. Therefore, the resistance per turn should be minimized during potentiometer manufacturing. Another major disadvantage of potentiometric sensors is susceptibility to wear. Their advantages include simple structure, large output signal, ease of use, and low cost.

berker electrical component principle

A Schottky diode is a metal-semiconductor device made using a noble metal (gold, silver, aluminum, platinum, etc.) A as the anode and an N-type semiconductor B as the cathode, leveraging the rectifying properties of the barrier formed at their interface. Because the N-type semiconductor contains a large number of electrons and the noble metal contains only a very small number of free electrons, electrons diffuse from the high-concentration B to the low-concentration A. Clearly, there are no holes in the metal A, so there is no hole diffusion from A to B. As electrons continuously diffuse from B to A, the electron concentration on the surface of B gradually decreases, disrupting surface electrical neutrality and forming a barrier whose electric field direction is B → A. However, under the influence of this electric field, electrons in A also undergo drift motion from A → B, thereby weakening the electric field formed by the diffusion motion. After a space charge region of a certain width is established, the electron drift motion caused by the electric field and the electron diffusion motion caused by the concentration difference reach a relative equilibrium, forming the Schottky barrier. The internal circuit structure of a typical Schottky rectifier uses an N-type semiconductor as the substrate, on which an N-epitaxial layer doped with arsenic is formed. The anode uses materials such as molybdenum or aluminum to form a barrier layer. Silicon dioxide is used to eliminate the electric field in the edge region, increasing the device's voltage withstand capability. The N-type substrate has a very small on-state resistance, and its doping concentration is 105% times higher than that of the H-layer. An N+ cathode layer is formed beneath the substrate to reduce cathode contact resistance. By adjusting structural parameters, a Schottky barrier is formed between the N-type substrate and the anode metal.

berker electrical component principle

In information technology, digital integrated circuits are the mainstay, processing information carried by digital signals, which take discrete values in terms of time and magnitude. However, signals in nature vary continuously in time and magnitude, such as wind noise and water flow; these are called analog signals. Correspondingly, circuits that process analog signals are called analog circuits, and integrated circuits used to process analog signals are called analog integrated circuits. Obviously, digital circuits cannot directly interface with the natural world; for the convenience of processing or transmission and to fully leverage the advantages of digital systems, analog signals are first converted into digital signals, input into modern digital systems with large capacity, high speed, strong anti-interference capability, and good confidentiality for processing, and then converted back into analog signals for output. The main component of integrated circuits is the transistor, and analog integrated circuits are no exception; they utilize the amplification effect of transistors, whereas digital integrated circuits utilize the switching effect of transistors. Early analog integrated circuits mostly used bipolar transistors. Due to the maturity of CMOS technology, the drawback of slow speed in early CMOS circuits has been overcome, and it offers the advantages of low power consumption and convenient process upgrades (proportional scaling of CMOS). Today, analog integrated circuits and mixed-signal integrated circuits (integrating digital and analog circuits) are also commonly designed and implemented using CMOS.

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