BERNSTEIN electrical components Germany BERNSTEIN model BERNSTEIN price

BERNSTEIN electrical component is a photodetector that converts light into current or voltage signals depending on the mode of use. The die often uses a PN junction with photosensitive characteristics, which is very sensitive to changes in light, has unidirectional conductivity, and changes its electrical properties when the light intensity varies. Therefore, the current in the circuit can be changed by varying the light intensity. Photodiodes are also called photoelectric diodes. Photodiodes are similar in structure to semiconductor diodes; their die is a PN junction with photosensitive characteristics and has unidirectional conductivity, so a reverse voltage must be applied during operation. When there is no illumination, there is a very small saturated reverse leakage current, i.e., dark current, at which point the photodiode is cut off. When exposed to light, the saturated reverse leakage current increases significantly, forming a photocurrent that varies with the intensity of the incident light. When light irradiates the PN junction, it can generate electron-hole pairs in the PN junction, increasing the density of minority carriers. These carriers drift under reverse voltage, causing the reverse current to increase. Therefore, the current in the circuit can be changed by varying the light intensity.

BERNSTEIN electrical component classification

1. Classified by structure into three major categories: fixed capacitors, variable capacitors, and trimmer capacitors. 2. Classified by dielectric: organic dielectric capacitors, inorganic dielectric capacitors, electrolytic capacitors, electric heating capacitors, and air dielectric capacitors, etc. 3. Classified by application: high-frequency bypass capacitors, low-frequency bypass capacitors, filter capacitors, tuning capacitors, high-frequency coupling capacitors, low-frequency coupling capacitors, and small capacitors. 4. Classified by manufacturing material: ceramic capacitors, polyester capacitors, electrolytic capacitors, tantalum capacitors, and advanced polypropylene capacitors, etc. 5. High-frequency bypass: ceramic capacitors, mica capacitors, glass film capacitors, polyester capacitors, and glass glaze capacitors. 6. Low-frequency bypass: paper dielectric capacitors, ceramic capacitors, aluminum electrolytic capacitors, and polyester capacitors. 7, Filtering: aluminum electrolytic capacitors, paper dielectric capacitors, composite paper dielectric capacitors, and liquid tantalum capacitors. 8. Tuning: ceramic capacitors, mica capacitors, glass film capacitors, and polystyrene capacitors. 9. Low coupling: paper dielectric capacitors, ceramic capacitors, aluminum electrolytic capacitors, polyester capacitors, and solid tantalum capacitors. 12. Small capacitors: metallized paper dielectric capacitors, ceramic capacitors, aluminum electrolytic capacitors, polystyrene capacitors, solid tantalum capacitors, glass glaze capacitors, metallized polyester capacitors, polypropylene capacitors, and mica capacitors.

BERNSTEIN electrical component principle

The main raw material of ferrite beads is ferrite. Ferrite is a ferrimagnetic material with a cubic lattice structure. Ferrite materials are iron-magnesium alloys or iron-nickel alloys; their manufacturing process and mechanical properties are similar to ceramics, and their color is gray-black. One type of magnetic core frequently used in electromagnetic interference filters is ferrite material, and many manufacturers offer ferrite materials specifically for electromagnetic interference suppression. This material is characterized by very high high-frequency loss and high permeability, which minimizes the capacitance generated between the coil windings of an inductor under high-frequency, high-impedance conditions. For ferrites used to suppress electromagnetic interference, the most important performance parameters are permeability μ and saturation flux density Bs. Permeability μ can be expressed as a complex number; the real part constitutes inductance, and the imaginary part represents loss, which increases with frequency. Therefore, its equivalent circuit is a series circuit composed of inductance L and resistance R, where both L and R are functions of frequency. When a wire passes through this ferrite core, the resulting inductive impedance formally increases with frequency, but the mechanism is completely different at different frequencies. In the low-frequency range, the impedance consists of the inductive reactance of the inductor. At low frequencies, R is very small, the permeability of the magnetic core is high, so the inductance is large, and L plays the main role. Electromagnetic interference is suppressed by reflection, and the loss of the magnetic core is small at this time. The entire device is an inductor with low loss and high Q characteristics. This type of inductor is prone to resonance, so in the low-frequency range, interference may sometimes increase after using ferrite beads. In the high-frequency range, the impedance consists of the resistive component. As the frequency increases, the permeability of the magnetic core decreases, leading to a reduction in inductance and inductive reactance. However, the loss of the magnetic core increases, and the resistive component increases, leading to an increase in total impedance. When high-frequency signals pass through the ferrite, electromagnetic interference is absorbed and dissipated as heat. Ferrite suppression components are widely used on printed circuit boards, power lines, and data lines. For example, adding ferrite suppression components at the power line entry of a printed board can filter out high-frequency interference. Ferrite rings or beads are specifically used to suppress high-frequency interference and spike interference on signal lines and power lines, and they also have the ability to absorb electrostatic discharge pulse interference. The values of the two components are proportional to the length of the bead, and the length of the bead has a significant impact on the suppression effect; the longer the bead, the better the suppression effect. Inductors can be used for power supply filtering. The circuit symbol for a ferrite bead is an inductor, but the model number indicates that a ferrite bead is used. In terms of circuit function, ferrite beads and inductors operate on the same principle, differing only in their frequency characteristics. Ferrite beads are composed of oxide magnets. Ferrite beads have a significant blocking effect only on high-frequency signals; their resistance is much lower than that of inductors at low frequencies. Ferrite beads are a type of anti-interference component that has developed rapidly in application; they are inexpensive, easy to use, and effective at filtering high-frequency noise.

BERNSTEIN electrical component types

For different applications, the purpose of applying varistors, and the voltage/current acting on the varistor, are not the same, so the requirements for varistors also differ. Distinguishing these differences is very important for correct use. According to the purpose of use, varistors can be divided into two categories: (1) protection varistors and (2) circuit function varistors. Protection resistors: (1) Distinguish whether it is a varistor for power supply protection or for signal line/data line protection, as they must meet different technical standard requirements. (2) According to the different continuous operating voltages applied to the varistor, varistors across power lines can be divided into AC type or DC type. The aging characteristics of varistors under these two voltage stresses are different. (3) According to the different abnormal overvoltage characteristics withstand by the varistor, varistors can be divided into three types: surge suppression type, high-power type, and high-energy type. 1. Surge suppression type varistors refer to varistors used to suppress transient overvoltages such as lightning overvoltage and switching overvoltage. The occurrence of this transient overvoltage is random and non-periodic, and the peak current and voltage may be very high. The vast majority of varistors belong to this category. 2. High-power type varistors refer to varistors used to absorb continuous pulse groups that appear periodically, such as varistors connected in parallel to switching power supply converters. Here, the impulse voltage appears periodically, and the period is known. The energy value can generally be calculated. The peak voltage is not large, but due to the high frequency of occurrence, the average power is quite high. 7. High-energy type varistors refer to varistors used to absorb magnetic energy in large inductive coils such as generator excitation coils and lifting electromagnet coils. For such applications, the main technical indicator is energy absorption capacity. The protective function of varistors can be used repeatedly in most application scenarios, but sometimes they are made into "one-time" protective devices like current fuses. For example, varistors with short-circuit contacts connected in parallel to the loads of certain current transformers.

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