Catu electrical components Germany Catu model Catu price

Catu electrical components are components that can convert electrical energy into magnetic energy and store it. The structure of an inductor is similar to that of a transformer, but it has only one winding. An inductor has a certain inductance and only impedes changes in current. If the inductor is in a state with no current flowing through it, it will attempt to impede current flow when the circuit is connected; if the inductor is in a state with current flowing through it, it will attempt to maintain the current unchanged when the circuit is disconnected. Inductors are also known as chokes, reactors, and dynamic reactors.

Catu electrical component structure

1. Liquid crystal panel: The liquid crystal panel includes a polarizing film, glass substrates, black matrix, color filters, protective films, common electrodes, alignment layers, liquid crystal layer (liquid crystal, spacers, sealant), capacitors, display electrodes, prism layers, and light-diffusing layers. The polarizing film is also known as a polarizer; polarizers are divided into upper and lower polarizers. The polarization functions of the upper and lower polarizers are perpendicular to each other. They act like fences, blocking light wave components as required—for example, blocking light wave components perpendicular to the polarizer fence while only allowing light wave components parallel to the fence to pass through. 2. Glass substrates: In liquid crystal displays, glass substrates are divided into upper and lower substrates. Their main function is to hold the liquid crystal material in the space between the two substrates. The material for glass substrates is generally alkali-free borosilicate glass with excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance, and chemical corrosion resistance. For TFT-LCD, one glass substrate is distributed with TFT, while the other glass substrate is deposited with color filters. 3. Black matrix: The black matrix uses highly light-shielding materials to separate the three primary colors (red, green, and blue) in the color filters (to prevent color mixing) and to prevent light leakage, thereby helping to improve the contrast of each color block. Additionally, in TFT-LCD, the black matrix can conceal internal electrode wiring or thin-film transistors. Color filters, also known as color filter films, function to generate 3 primary base colors (red, green, and blue), enabling full-color display on the liquid crystal display. 4. Alignment layer: The alignment layer, also known as an orientation film or directional layer, functions to enable uniform arrangement and orientation of liquid crystal molecules at the microscopic level. 5. Transparent electrodes: Transparent electrodes are divided into common electrodes and pixel electrodes. The input signal voltage is applied between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. Transparent electrodes are typically formed by depositing indium tin oxide (ITO) material on the glass substrate to create a transparent conductive layer. 6. Liquid crystal material: In LCD, the liquid crystal material acts similarly to a light valve, controlling the brightness of transmitted light to achieve information display. 7. Driver IC: The driver IC is essentially a set of integrated circuit chip devices used to adjust and control the phase, peak value, frequency, and other parameters of the potential signals on the transparent electrodes, establishing a driving electric field to ultimately realize information display on the liquid crystal panel. In liquid crystal panels, active-matrix liquid crystal displays are constructed by sealing twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal material between two glass substrates. The upper glass substrate (closer to the display screen) is deposited with red, green, and blue (RGB) tricolor filters (also known as color filter films), a black matrix, and a common transparent electrode. The lower glass substrate (the substrate farther from the display screen) is equipped with thin-film transistor (TFT) devices, transparent pixel electrodes, storage capacitors, gate lines, signal lines, etc. Alignment layers (or orientation layers) are prepared on the inner sides of both glass substrates to orient the liquid crystal molecules. Liquid crystal material is injected between the two glass substrates, and spacers are dispersed to ensure uniform gap thickness. The periphery is bonded with frame sealant for sealing purposes, and the common electrodes of the upper and lower glass substrates are connected using silver dot adhesive processes. Polarizers (or polarizing films) are attached to the outer sides of the upper and lower glass substrates, respectively. When a voltage is applied between the pixel transparent electrode and the common transparent electrode, the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules changes. Consequently, the intensity of incident light passing through the liquid crystal also changes. Liquid crystal displays leverage the optical rotatory power of the liquid crystal material combined with electric field control to achieve information display. 8. Backlight module: LCD products are non-emissive electronic devices that do not possess inherent light-emitting characteristics. They rely on light emission from the source in the backlight module to achieve display performance; therefore, the brightness of LCD is determined by its backlight module. Thus, the performance of the backlight module directly affects the display quality of the liquid crystal panel. The backlight module includes illumination sources, reflectors, light guide plates, diffusion sheets, brightness enhancement films (prism sheets), and frames. Backlight modules used in LCD are mainly categorized into edge-lit backlight modules and direct-lit backlight modules. Mobile phones, laptops, and monitors (15 inches) primarily use edge-lit backlight modules, while LCD TVs mostly use direct-lit backlight module light sources. Cold cathode fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diodes are the main backlight sources for LCD. 9. Reflector: The reflector, also known as a reflection cover, mainly functions to direct all light emitted by the source into the light guide plate, minimizing unnecessary loss as much as possible. 1. Light guide plate: The main function of the light guide plate is to guide light from the side-mounted source toward the front of the panel. 11. Prism sheet: The prism sheet, also known as a brightness enhancement film, mainly functions to concentrate scattered light through refraction and total internal reflection within the film layer, directing it at specific angles out from the backlight source to achieve a screen brightening effect.16. Diffuser sheet: The main function of the diffuser sheet is to correct the edge-lit light from the backlight module into a uniform surface light source to achieve optical diffusion. Diffuser sheets are divided into upper and lower diffuser sheets. The upper diffuser sheet is located between the prism sheet and the liquid crystal assembly, closer to the display panel. The lower diffuser sheet is located between the light guide plate and the prism sheet, closer to the backlight source.

Catu electrical component parameters

1. Stable voltage refers to the stable voltage value generated across the Zener diode when it passes the rated current. This value varies slightly with operating current and temperature. Due to differences in manufacturing processes, the stabilization voltage of Zener diodes of the same model is not completely consistent. 2. Reverse leakage current refers to the current passing through the Zener diode when it generates a stable voltage. Below this value, the Zener diode can still stabilize voltage, but the stabilization effect deteriorates; above this value, as long as the rated power dissipation is not exceeded, it is permissible, and the stabilization performance improves, though it consumes more electrical energy. 3. Dynamic resistance refers to the ratio of voltage change to current change across the Zener diode. This ratio varies with operating current; generally, the higher the operating current, the lower the dynamic resistance. 4. Rated power dissipation is determined by the allowable temperature rise of the chip, and its value is the product of the stable voltage and the maximum allowable current. 5. Temperature coefficient: If the temperature of the Zener diode changes, its stable voltage will also undergo slight changes. The relative change in voltage across the tube caused by a temperature change of 1℃ is the temperature coefficient (unit: %/℃). Generally, stabilization voltages below 6V belong to Zener breakdown, where the temperature coefficient is negative; otherwise, the temperature coefficient is positive. As temperature increases, the depletion layer narrows. In the depletion layer, valence electrons of atoms rise to higher energy levels, and a smaller electric field strength can excite valence electrons from atoms to produce Zener breakdown, resulting in a negative temperature coefficient. Avalanche breakdown occurs when the depletion layer is wider and the electric field strength is lower. Increased temperature amplifies the vibration amplitude of lattice atoms, hindering carrier movement. In this case, only an increase in reverse voltage can cause avalanche breakdown, so the voltage temperature coefficient for avalanche breakdown is positive. For applications with high power supply requirements, two Zener diodes with opposite temperature coefficients can be connected in series for compensation. Due to mutual compensation, the temperature coefficient is significantly reduced. 17. Reverse leakage current refers to the leakage current generated by the Zener diode under the specified reverse voltage.

Catu electrical component composition

A diode is formed by a PN junction plus corresponding electrode leads and package casing. Using different doping processes and diffusion effects, P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor are fabricated on the same semiconductor (usually silicon or germanium) substrate. A space charge region called the PN junction forms at their interface. The electrode led from the P region is called the anode, and the electrode led from the N region is called the cathode. Due to the unidirectional conductivity of the PN junction, when the diode conducts, the current flows from the anode through the interior of the tube to the cathode. A diode has two electrodes: the electrode led from the P region is the positive terminal, also called the anode; the electrode led from the N region is the negative terminal, also called the cathode.

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