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Cosel electrical components are fuses that can be operated multiple times, known in Japan as permanent fuses. Immediately after interrupting an overload or short-circuit current, the fusible element automatically returns to its original state. The housing is made of austenitic stainless steel, with a beryllium oxide ceramic core embedded in the center. Glass filler between the stainless steel and the ceramic core provides sealing and secures the ceramic core. Metallic sodium is filled into the fine pores of the ceramic core as the fusible element, and the void behind the piston is filled with argon gas to compress the metallic sodium. Under normal operating conditions, current can enter from lead terminal A, pass through the metallic sodium in the fine pores of the ceramic core, conduct to the stainless steel housing, and exit via output terminal B. When a short-circuit current passes through the fuse, it rapidly heats the metallic sodium in the fine pores of the ceramic core, causing it to change from a solid to a high-temperature, high-pressure plasma vapor. The resistivity increases rapidly, thereby strongly limiting the short-circuit current and interrupting it instantly. At the end of the interruption, the metallic sodium vapor immediately returns to liquid and solid states, while the argon gas again pushes the piston to compress the metallic sodium, re-establishing the circuit connection.

Cosel electrical component principle

Microphones have evolved from initial resistive electro-acoustic conversion to inductive and capacitive conversion. Many new microphone technologies have gradually developed, including aluminum ribbon dynamic microphones, as well as the currently widely used condenser microphones and electret microphones. The working principle of a dynamic microphone involves sound waves causing the diaphragm to vibrate through the air. The electromagnetic coil winding on the diaphragm and the magnet surrounding the dynamic microphone head form a magnetic field that is cut, generating a weak fluctuating current. This current is transmitted to the amplifier, which converts the fluctuating current back into sound through the reverse process. For ribbon microphones, the aluminum ribbon serves as both the microphone diaphragm and the conductor moving in the magnetic field. The ribbon is typically made of aluminum foil. To achieve an ideal resonant frequency, the ribbon is corrugated to maintain a precise tension value. As a conductor and microphone diaphragm, the ribbon is suspended in the magnetic field between two magnetic pole faces, vibrating with the frequency of the incident sound wave and generating a certain voltage output at both ends of the ribbon. A condenser microphone has two metal plates; one surface is coated with an electret film and grounded, while the other plate is connected to the gate of a field-effect transistor (FET). A diode is connected between the gate and the source. The diaphragm of a condenser microphone often uses fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), which offers good humidity performance, generates more surface charge, and is less affected by humidity. Since this transducer also has a capacitive structure with very high internal signal impedance, a field-effect transistor must be used at the output to extract and amplify the voltage signal generated by sound.

Cosel electrical component structure

Commonly used thyristors are unidirectional thyristors, also known as ordinary thyristors. They consist of four layers of semiconductor material, have three PN junctions, and have three external electrodes: the electrode drawn from the first layer of P-type semiconductor is called the anode A; the electrode drawn from the third layer of P-type semiconductor is called the control gate G; and the electrode drawn from the fourth layer of N-type semiconductor is called the cathode K. As seen from the circuit symbol of the thyristor, it is a unidirectional conducting device like a diode, but with the addition of a control gate G, giving it completely different operating characteristics compared to a diode. The P1N1P2N2 four-layer, three-terminal device, based on silicon monocrystal, is internationally known as a silicon crystal thyratron because its characteristics are similar to those of a vacuum thyratron, abbreviated as thyristor T. Since thyristors were initially used in static rectification, they are also called silicon controlled rectifiers, abbreviated as SCR SCR. In terms of performance, SCRs not only have unidirectional conductivity but also possess controllability that is more valuable than that of silicon rectifier elements (commonly known as "dead silicon"). They have only two states: conduction and blocking. SCRs can control high-power electromechanical equipment with milliampere-level currents. If this power is exceeded, the switching loss of the component increases significantly, and the allowable average current decreases; in this case, the nominal current should be derated. SCRs have many advantages, such as controlling high power with low power, with power amplification factors reaching hundreds of thousands of times; extremely fast response, turning on and off within microseconds; contactless operation, no sparks, no noise; high efficiency, low cost, etc. Disadvantages of SCRs include poor static and dynamic overload capacity and susceptibility to interference causing false triggering. SCRs are mainly classified by appearance into bolt type, flat plate type, and flat base type. Structure of SCR components. Regardless of the shape of the SCR, their chip consists of a four-layer P1N1P2N2 structure composed of P-type silicon and N-type silicon. It has three PN junctions (J1, J2, J3). The anode A is drawn from the P1 layer of the J1 structure, the cathode K is drawn from the N2 layer, and the control gate G is drawn from the P2 layer, making it a four-layer, three-terminal semiconductor device.

Cosel electrical component parameters

1. Nominal varistor voltage: refers to the voltage value across the varistor when a pulse current of specified duration passes through it. 2. Voltage ratio: refers to the ratio of the voltage value generated by the current in the varistor to the voltage value generated by the current in the varistor. 3. Maximum clamping voltage: the peak voltage across the varistor under the maximum pulse peak current Ip that the varistor can withstand and under the specified waveform. 4. Residual voltage ratio: when the current passing through the varistor is a certain value, the voltage generated across it is called the residual voltage for that current value. The residual voltage ratio is the ratio of the residual voltage to the nominal voltage. 5. Surge current capacity: also known as surge current, refers to the maximum pulse current value allowed to pass through the varistor under specified conditions. 6. Leakage current: also known as standby current, refers to the current flowing through the varistor at a specified temperature and maximum DC voltage. 7. Voltage temperature coefficient: refers to the rate of change of the nominal voltage of the varistor within a specified temperature range, i.e., the relative change in voltage across the varistor when the temperature changes while the current through the varistor remains constant. 8. Current temperature coefficient: refers to the relative change in current flowing through the varistor when the temperature changes while the voltage across the varistor remains constant. 9. Voltage nonlinearity coefficient: refers to the ratio of the static resistance value to the dynamic resistance value of the varistor under a given applied voltage. 10. Insulation resistance: refers to the resistance value between the lead wires of the varistor and the insulating surface of the resistor body. 11. Static capacitance: refers to the inherent capacitance of the varistor itself. 12. Rated power: the maximum power that causes a change in varistor voltage when operating at a specific ambient temperature. 24. Maximum impulse current: the maximum impulse current that causes a change in varistor voltage when the varistor is subjected to a specific pulse current impact once or twice.

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