DIANA electrical components Germany DIANA model DIANA price

DIANA electrical component is a pyroelectric infrared sensor, a device composed of thermocouples. It is widely used as a temperature detection device in fields such as ear thermometers, radiation thermometers, electric ovens, and food temperature testing. The entry details the basic unit of a thermopile—the thermocouple; and provides a detailed introduction to the structure, working principle, main parameters, and applications of thermopiles.

DIANA electrical component classification

Classification by material: a, wire-wound resistors are made by winding resistance wire into a resistor, using high-resistance alloy wire wound on an insulating skeleton, coated with heat-resistant glaze insulation or insulating paint. Wire-wound resistors have a low temperature coefficient, high resistance accuracy, good stability, heat and corrosion resistance, and are mainly used as precision high-power resistors; their disadvantages are poor high-frequency performance and large time constants. b, carbon composition resistors are made by pressing carbon and synthetic plastic. c, carbon film resistors are made by depositing a layer of carbon on a ceramic tube, forming crystalline carbon on a ceramic rod skeleton. Carbon film resistors are low-cost, stable, have a wide resistance range, low temperature and voltage coefficients, and are currently the most widely used resistors. d, metal film resistors are made by depositing a layer of metal on a ceramic tube, vacuum-evaporating alloy material onto the surface of a ceramic rod skeleton. Metal film resistors have higher accuracy, better stability, lower noise, and smaller temperature coefficients than carbon film resistors. They are widely used in instruments and communication equipment. e, metal oxide film resistors are made by depositing a layer of tin oxide on a ceramic tube, depositing a layer of metal oxide on an insulating rod. As they are oxides themselves, they are stable at high temperatures, resistant to thermal shock, and have strong load capacity. By application, there are general-purpose, precision, high-frequency, high-voltage, high-resistance, high-power, and resistor networks.

DIANA electrical component principle

Bipolar junction transistors are divided into two types by material: germanium and silicon. Each type has two structural forms, NPN and PNP, but the most commonly used are silicon NPN and germanium PNP transistors. (Here, N means negative; N-type semiconductor is formed by adding phosphorus to high-purity silicon to replace some silicon atoms, generating free electrons for conduction under voltage stimulation, while P means positive, formed by adding boron to replace silicon, creating numerous holes to facilitate conduction). Apart from different power supply polarities, their working principles are identical; below, only the current amplification principle of NPN silicon transistors is introduced. An NPN transistor consists of 12 pieces of N-type semiconductor sandwiching one piece of P-type semiconductor. The PN junction formed between the emitter region and the base region is called the emitter junction, and the PN junction formed between the collector region and the base region is called the collector junction. The three leads are called the emitter e, base b, and collector c. When the potential at point b is a few tenths of a volt higher than at point e, the emitter junction is forward-biased, and when the potential at point C is a few volts higher than at point b, the collector junction is reverse-biased; the collector power supply Ec must be higher than the base power supply Eb. During transistor manufacturing, the majority carrier concentration in the emitter region is intentionally made greater than in the base region, the base region is made very thin, and impurity content is strictly controlled. Thus, once power is applied, due to the forward bias of the emitter junction, the majority carriers in the emitter region (electrons) and the majority carriers in the base region (holes) easily diffuse across the emitter junction toward each other. However, since the former's concentration is much higher than the latter's, the current through the emitter junction is basically electron flow, known as emitter electron flow.

DIANA electrical component characteristics

(1) loudspeakers have two terminals (two leads); when a single loudspeaker is used, the two pins have no polarity distinction, but when multiple loudspeakers are used simultaneously, the two pins have polarity distinctions. (2) loudspeakers have a paper cone, typically black in color, though white is also available. (3) loudspeakers come in several shapes, including circular, square, and oval. (4) the back of the loudspeaker paper cone is a magnet; when touching the magnet of an external-magnet loudspeaker with a metal screwdriver, one can feel the magnetic presence; internal-magnet loudspeakers do not give this sensation, but there is indeed a magnet inside the housing. (5) loudspeakers are mounted on machine panels or inside speaker enclosures.

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