DIETZELUNIVOLT electrical components Germany DIETZELUNIVOLT model DIETZELUNIVOLT price

DIETZELUNIVOLT electrical components are surge absorbers/varistor assemblies. Due to their nonlinear resistance change with voltage, they exhibit symmetry in both directions (positive and negative). They respond to abnormal voltages on the line, absorbing most of the surge energy and suppressing the abnormal voltage to a safe range, thereby improving line safety and stability. In the standby state, the surge absorber (varistor) has very high impedance (several megohms) relative to the protected electronic components and does not affect the characteristics of the original circuit design. However, when an instantaneous surge voltage occurs (exceeding the breakdown voltage of the surge absorber), the impedance of the surge absorber drops low (only a few ohms), causing a short circuit in the line, thus protecting electronic products or more expensive components.

DIETZELUNIVOLT electrical component classification

Fuses can be divided into high-voltage fuses and low-voltage fuses according to the operating voltage. According to the protected object, they can be classified as fuses for protecting transformers and general electrical equipment, fuses for protecting voltage transformers, fuses for protecting power capacitors, fuses for protecting semiconductor components, fuses for protecting motors, and fuses for protecting household appliances. According to structure, they can be divided into open-type, semi-enclosed, tube-type, and expulsion fuses. Open-type fuses have a simple structure; the fusible element is completely exposed to the air and supported by porcelain pillars without a base, making them suitable for low-voltage outdoor use. Interrupting current produces significant sound and light in the atmosphere. In semi-enclosed fuses, the fusible element is mounted on a porcelain frame and inserted into a porcelain box with metal sockets at both ends, suitable for low-voltage indoor use. The sound and light produced during current interruption are blocked by the porcelain box. In tube-type fuses, the fusible element is installed inside the fuse body, which is then plugged into a base or directly connected to the circuit. The fuse element is a fully sealed insulating tube with metal caps or contact blades at both ends. If the insulating tube of this type of fuse is filled with quartz sand, it has a current-limiting effect during current interruption, greatly increasing the breaking capacity; hence, it is also called a high-breaking-capacity fuse. If the tube is evacuated, it is called a vacuum fuse. If the tube is filled with SF6 gas, it is called a SF6 fuse, aimed at improving arc-extinguishing performance. Since quartz sand, vacuum, and SF9 gas all have good insulation properties, this type of fuse is suitable for both low and high voltage. Expulsion fuses have the fusible element installed in an insulating tube made of solid gas-generating material. Solid gas-generating materials can include electrical anti-white cardboard or organic glass materials. When short-circuit current passes through the fusible element, it melts immediately, creating an arc. The high-temperature arc causes the solid gas-generating material to rapidly decompose, producing a large amount of high-pressure gas, which ejects the ionized gas and arc from both ends of the tube, emitting intense sound and light, and extinguishing the arc when the AC current crosses zero, thereby interrupting the current. The insulating tube is usually mounted on an insulating support to form the complete fuse. Sometimes the upper end of the insulating tube is designed to be movable; after interrupting the current, it detaches and drops down. This type of expulsion fuse is commonly known as a drop-out fuse.

DIETZELUNIVOLT electrical component principle

Its operating principle is the same as that of a transformer, and its basic structure also consists of an iron core and primary and secondary windings. It is characterized by a very small and relatively constant capacity, operating close to no-load conditions during normal operation. The impedance of the voltage transformer itself is very small; once a short circuit occurs on the secondary side, the current will increase sharply and burn out the windings. For this reason, fuses are connected to the primary side of the voltage transformer, and the secondary side is reliably grounded to prevent high potential to ground on the secondary side in case of insulation damage between the primary and secondary sides, which could cause personal injury and equipment accidents. Voltage transformers for measurement are generally made with a single-phase double-winding structure. The primary voltage is the voltage to be measured (such as the line voltage of the power system). They can be used in single phase, or two units can be connected in V-V configuration for three-phase use. Voltage transformers used in laboratories often have multiple taps on the primary side to accommodate the need to measure different voltages. Voltage transformers for protective grounding also include a third winding, known as a three-winding voltage transformer. The third windings of the three phases are connected in an open-delta configuration, with the two output terminals of the open delta connected to the voltage coil of the ground protection relay. During normal operation, the three-phase voltages of the power system are symmetrical, and the sum of the three-phase induced electromotive forces on the third winding is zero. Once a single-phase ground fault occurs, neutral point displacement occurs, and zero-sequence voltage appears between the terminals of the open delta, causing the relay to operate, thereby protecting the power system. When zero-sequence voltage appears in the windings, corresponding zero-sequence flux appears in the iron core. Therefore, this type of three-phase voltage transformer uses a side-yoke iron core or employs three single-phase voltage transformers. For this type of transformer, the accuracy requirement for the third winding is not high, but it requires certain over-excitation characteristics (i.e., when the primary voltage increases, the magnetic flux density in the iron core increases by a corresponding factor without damage). Voltage transformers are indispensable electrical devices in power transmission and supply systems such as power plants and substations. Precision voltage transformers are instruments used in electrical testing laboratories to extend measurement ranges and measure voltage, power, and energy. Voltage transformers are very similar to transformers, as both are used to transform voltage on lines. Why is voltage transformation needed on lines? This is because, depending on the different conditions of power generation, transmission, and consumption, the voltage levels on lines vary significantly, ranging from low voltages such as 220V and 381V to high voltages of tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of volts. To directly measure these low and high voltages, corresponding low-voltage and high-voltage voltmeters and other instruments and relays would need to be manufactured according to the line voltage levels. This would not only create significant difficulties in instrument manufacturing, but more importantly, it is impossible and strictly prohibited to directly manufacture high-voltage instruments and measure voltage directly on high-voltage lines.

DIETZELUNIVOLT electrical component characteristics

Under normal circumstances, the actual static characteristic output of a sensor is a curve rather than a straight line. In practical work, to enable the instrument to have uniformly scaled readings, a fitted straight line is often used to approximately represent the actual characteristic curve. Linearity (non-linear error) is a performance indicator of this degree of approximation. There are various methods for selecting the fitted straight line. For example, the theoretical straight line connecting the zero-input and full-scale output points can be used as the fitted line; or the theoretical straight line that minimizes the sum of squared deviations from each point on the characteristic curve can be used, known as the least squares fitted line.

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