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druseidt electrical components are electronic devices made from semiconductor materials (silicon, selenium, germanium, etc.). A diode has two electrodes: the positive electrode, also called the anode; and the negative electrode, also called the cathode. When a forward voltage is applied across the two terminals of the diode, it conducts; when a reverse voltage is applied, it blocks. The conduction and blocking of the diode are equivalent to the closing and opening of a switch. Diodes have unidirectional conductivity; when conducting, current flows from the anode through the device to the cathode. Diodes are among the earliest semiconductor devices developed and are widely used. Especially in various electronic circuits, reasonable connections using diodes along with resistors, capacitors, inductors, and other components form circuits with different functions, enabling AC rectification, demodulation of modulated signals, limiting and clamping, and voltage regulation of power supplies.

druseidt electrical component classification

Thermistor materials are generally classified into three categories: semiconductors, metals, and alloys: 1. Semiconductor thermistor materials include single-crystal semiconductors, polycrystalline semiconductors, glass semiconductors, organic semiconductors, and metal oxides. They all have very large temperature coefficients of resistance and high resistivity, resulting in high sensitivity for sensors made from them. Based on the temperature coefficient of resistance, they can also be divided into negative temperature coefficient (NTC) materials and positive temperature coefficient (PTC) materials. For example, barium titanate ceramic is an ideal PTC semiconductor material. Both types of materials are widely used in temperature measurement, temperature control, temperature compensation, switching circuits, overload protection, and time delay applications, such as in the manufacture of thermistor thermometers, thermistor switches, and thermistor delay relays. Due to the exponential relationship between resistance and temperature, these materials have a narrow temperature measurement range and poor uniformity. 2. Metal thermistor materials are widely used as resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), current limiters, and automatic constant-temperature heating elements. Examples include platinum resistance thermometers, nickel resistance thermometers, and copper resistance thermometers. Among these, platinum temperature sensors exhibit high accuracy and high stability in various media, including corrosive environments. However, their widespread application is somewhat limited by the scarcity and high cost of platinum. Copper temperature sensors are cheaper, but long-term use in corrosive media can lead to significant changes in static characteristics and resistance values. Nickel temperature sensors are widely used abroad and are considered ideal materials due to their high sensitivity, satisfactory reproducibility, and stability. 3. Alloy thermistor materials, also known as thermistor alloys. These alloys have relatively high resistivity, and their resistance values are sensitive to temperature changes, making them good materials for manufacturing temperature-sensitive sensors. The performance requirements for thermistor alloys as temperature-sensitive sensors are as follows: (1) sufficiently high resistivity; (2) relatively high temperature coefficient of resistance; (3) linear expansion coefficient close to that of the experimental material; (4) low strain sensitivity coefficient; (10) good repeatability of the resistance-temperature curve during heating and cooling within the operating temperature range.

druseidt electrical component parameters

(1) Nominal capacitance is the capacitance value marked on the capacitor. However, there is a deviation between the actual capacitance and the nominal capacitance; the accuracy class corresponds to the allowable error. General capacitors commonly use classes I, II, and III, while electrolytic capacitors use classes IV, V, and VI to indicate capacitance accuracy, selected according to the application. The capacitance value of an electrolytic capacitor depends on the impedance presented during operation under AC voltage; the capacitance varies with changes in operating frequency, temperature, voltage, and measurement method. The unit of capacitance is F (Farad). Since a capacitor is a "container" for storing electric charge, the issue of "capacity" size arises. To measure a capacitor's ability to store charge, the physical quantity of capacitance is defined. A capacitor can only store charge under the influence of an externally applied voltage. Different capacitors may store different amounts of charge under voltage. Internationally, it is uniformly stipulated that when a DC voltage of 1 volts is applied to a capacitor, the amount of charge it can store is defined as its capacitance (i.e., charge per unit voltage), represented by the letter C. The basic unit of capacitance is the Farad (F). (2) Rated voltage is the maximum DC voltage that can be continuously applied to the capacitor at the minimum and rated ambient temperatures. If the operating voltage exceeds the capacitor's voltage rating, the capacitor will break down, causing damage. In practice, as temperature rises, the voltage rating decreases. (3) Insulation resistance. When DC voltage is applied to a capacitor, leakage current is generated; the ratio of the two is called insulation resistance. For small capacitors, the value mainly depends on the surface state of the capacitor; generally, the higher the insulation resistance, the better. (4) Loss. The energy consumed by heat generation per unit time in a capacitor under the action of an electric field is called loss. Loss is related to frequency range, dielectric material, conductance, and the resistance of the metal parts of the capacitor. (9) Frequency characteristics. As frequency increases, the capacitance of general capacitors tends to decrease. When a capacitor operates below its resonant frequency, it behaves capacitively; when it exceeds its resonant frequency, it behaves inductively, meaning it acts as an inductor rather than a capacitor. Therefore, it is essential to avoid operating capacitors above their resonant frequency.

druseidt electrical component classification

Microphones can be classified into dynamic microphones and condenser microphones based on their transduction principles. Dynamic microphones can be further subdivided into moving-coil microphones and ribbon microphones. Common commercial microphone types include condenser microphones, crystal microphones, carbon microphones, and dynamic microphones. Commonly used condenser microphones utilize two types of energy sources: DC bias power supply and electret film. Both these condenser microphones and crystal microphones convert sound energy into electrical energy, generating a changing electric field. Carbon microphones use a DC voltage source; sound vibrations change their resistance, thereby converting acoustic signals into electrical signals. Condenser, crystal, and carbon microphones all produce a voltage signal proportional to the displacement of the sensitive membrane, whereas dynamic microphones produce a voltage signal proportional to the vibration velocity of the sensitive membrane. Dynamic microphones use permanent magnets as an energy source, converting sound energy into electrical energy based on electromagnetic induction.

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