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drykom electrical components is a general term for all single components based on semiconductor materials, including diodes, transistors, field-effect transistors, and thyristors (the latter three are all three-terminal devices) made of various semiconductor materials. A transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used in amplifiers or electronically controlled switches. Transistors are the basic building blocks for the standard operation of computers, mobile phones, and all other modern electronic circuits. Due to their fast response speed and high accuracy, transistors can be used for a wide variety of digital and analog functions, including amplification, switching, voltage regulation, signal modulation, and oscillators. Transistors can be packaged individually or as part of an integrated circuit in a very small area that can accommodate one hundred million or more transistors.

drykom electrical components principle

A Schottky diode is a metal-semiconductor device made by using noble metals (gold, silver, aluminum, platinum, etc.) A as the anode and N-type semiconductor B as the cathode, utilizing the rectifying characteristics of the barrier formed at the contact surface between the two. Because there are a large number of electrons in the N-type semiconductor and only a very small number of free electrons in the noble metal, electrons diffuse from the high-concentration B to the low-concentration A. Obviously, there are no holes in the metal A, so there is no diffusion movement of holes from A to B. As electrons continuously diffuse from B to A, the electron concentration on the surface of B gradually decreases, destroying surface electrical neutrality, thus forming a barrier whose electric field direction is B → A. However, under the action of this electric field, electrons in A also produce a drift movement from A → B, thereby weakening the electric field formed by the diffusion movement. When a space charge region of a certain width is established, the electron drift movement caused by the electric field and the electron diffusion movement caused by the concentration difference reach a relative balance, forming a Schottky barrier. The internal circuit structure of a typical Schottky rectifier uses N-type semiconductor as the substrate, on which an N-epitaxial layer doped with arsenic is formed. The anode uses materials such as molybdenum or aluminum to create a barrier layer. Silicon dioxide is used to eliminate the electric field in the edge region, increasing the voltage withstand value of the tube. The N-type substrate has a very small on-state resistance, and its doping concentration is 103% times higher than that of the H-layer. An N+ cathode layer is formed under the substrate to reduce the contact resistance of the cathode. By adjusting structural parameters, a Schottky barrier is formed between the N-type substrate and the anode metal.

drykom electrical components principle

A resistor consists of three parts: the resistive element, the skeleton, and the lead terminals (for solid-core resistors, the resistive element and skeleton are combined into one), and only the resistive element determines the resistance value. The volt-ampere characteristic is represented by a graphical curve showing the relationship between voltage and current at the resistor terminals; when voltage and current are proportional (the characteristic is a straight line), it is called a linear resistor; otherwise, it is called a non-linear resistor. The maximum power dissipation allowed for a resistor to operate continuously at the rated temperature (maximum ambient temperature) tR. For each type of resistor, the maximum operating voltage is also specified, meaning that even if the rated power is not reached, the maximum operating voltage must not be exceeded when the resistance value is high. The rated power of a resistor refers to the maximum power allowed to be consumed during long-term continuous operation in DC or AC circuits. Load characteristics: When the working environment temperature is lower than tR, the resistor must not exceed its rated power; when exceeding tR, the load power must be reduced. Each type of resistor has specified load characteristics. In addition, the allowable load is correspondingly reduced under low pressure. Under pulse load, the average pulse power is far lower than the rated power, and separate regulations generally apply.

drykom electrical components principle

Microphones have evolved from initial resistance-based electro-acoustic conversion to inductive and capacitive conversion, with many new microphone technologies gradually developing, including aluminum ribbon moving-coil microphones, as well as the currently widely used condenser microphones and electret microphones. The working principle of a moving-coil microphone is that human voice vibrates the diaphragm through air, and then the electromagnetic coil winding on the diaphragm cuts the magnetic field formed by the magnet surrounding the moving-coil microphone head, generating a weak fluctuating current. The current is transmitted to the amplifier, which converts the fluctuating current back into sound through the reverse process. For ribbon microphones, the aluminum ribbon serves as both the microphone diaphragm and the conductor moving in the magnetic field. The ribbon is usually made of aluminum foil. To achieve a more ideal resonance frequency, the ribbon is corrugated to maintain a precise tension value. As a conductor and microphone diaphragm, the ribbon is suspended in the magnetic field between the two magnetic pole faces, vibrating with the frequency of the incident sound wave, while generating a certain voltage output at both ends of the ribbon. A condenser microphone has two metal plates, one of which is coated with an electret film and grounded, while the other plate is connected to the gate of a field-effect transistor, with a diode connected between the gate and source. The diaphragm of a condenser microphone mostly uses perfluoroethylene propylene, which has good humidity performance, generates more surface charge, and is less affected by humidity. Since this transducer also has a capacitive structure with high internal signal resistance, its output terminal must also use a field-effect transistor to extract and amplify the voltage signal generated by sound.

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