eckerle electrical components Germany eckerle model eckerle price

eckerle electrical components are active-matrix liquid crystal displays driven by thin-film transistors. They primarily use current to stimulate liquid crystal molecules to generate points, lines, and planes, which combine with backlight tubes to form an image. IPS, TFT, and SLCD are all subclasses of LCD. Their operating principle is that, under the action of an electric field, the alignment direction of liquid crystal molecules changes, altering the transmittance (modulation) of external light sources to complete electro-optical conversion. Then, using different excitations of the R, G, and B primary color signals through red, green, and blue primary color filter films, color reproduction in the time and space domains is completed.

eckerle electrical component principle

In chemical batteries, the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy results from spontaneous oxidation-reduction and other chemical reactions occurring inside the battery; these reactions take place at two separate electrodes. The negative electrode active material consists of reducing agents with a more negative potential that are stable in the electrolyte, such as active metals like zinc, cadmium, and lead, as well as hydrogen or hydrocarbon compounds. The positive electrode active material consists of oxidizing agents with a more positive potential that are stable in the electrolyte, such as metal oxides like manganese dioxide, lead dioxide, and nickel oxide, oxygen or air, halogens and their salts, oxyacids and their salts, etc. The electrolyte is a material with good ionic conductivity, such as aqueous solutions of acids, bases, and salts, organic or inorganic non-aqueous solutions, molten salts, or solid electrolytes. When the external circuit is open, although there is a potential difference (open-circuit voltage) between the two electrodes, no current flows, and the chemical energy stored in the battery is not converted into electrical energy. When the external circuit is closed, current flows through the external circuit under the influence of the potential difference between the two electrodes. Simultaneously, inside the battery, since there are no free electrons in the electrolyte, charge transfer must be accompanied by oxidation or reduction reactions at the interface between the active materials of the two electrodes and the electrolyte, as well as mass transfer of reactants and reaction products. Charge transfer within the electrolyte is also accomplished by ion migration. Therefore, normal charge and mass transfer processes inside the battery are necessary conditions for ensuring normal electrical energy output. During charging, the direction of charge and mass transfer processes inside the battery is exactly opposite to that during discharging; electrode reactions must be reversible to ensure the normal progress of reverse mass and charge transfer processes. Thus, reversibility of electrode reactions is a necessary condition for constituting a storage battery. This is the basic thermodynamic relationship between battery electromotive force and battery reaction, and it is also the basic thermodynamic equation for calculating battery energy conversion efficiency. In practice, when current flows through an electrode, the electrode potential deviates from the thermodynamically balanced electrode potential; this phenomenon is called polarization. The greater the current density (current passing through unit electrode area), the more severe the polarization. Polarization is one of the important causes of battery energy loss. There are three causes of polarization: (1) polarization caused by the resistance of various parts within the battery is called ohmic polarization; (2) polarization caused by the hindrance of the charge transfer process in the electrode-electrolyte interface layer is called activation polarization; (3) polarization caused by the sluggishness of the mass transfer process in the electrode-electrolyte interface layer is called concentration polarization. Methods to reduce polarization include increasing the electrode reaction area, reducing current density, raising the reaction temperature, and improving the catalytic activity of the electrode surface.

eckerle electrical component features

The characteristics of self-resetting fuses include high breaking current capacity, capable of interrupting AC currents, and even larger currents. This type of fuse has a very significant current-limiting effect; when the instantaneous current approaches 165 kA, it can rapidly limit the current. The structure of a self-resetting fuse mainly consists of current terminals (also called electrodes), mica glass (filler), insulating tube, fusible element, piston, argon gas, and housing. Among these, the housing of the self-resetting fuse is generally made of stainless steel. The stainless steel sleeve is separated from the internal beryllium oxide ceramic insulating tube by mica glass, which serves as both filler and insulator. Self-resetting fuses operate based on the characteristic of sodium metal, whose resistance increases sharply at high temperatures. Under normal operating conditions, current flows from the left current terminal, through the sodium metal fusible element within the fine pores of the beryllium oxide ceramic insulating tube, to the right current terminal, forming a current path. When a short-circuit fault occurs, the short-circuit current heats the sodium metal, vaporizing it into a high-temperature, high-pressure plasma state, causing its resistance to increase sharply, thereby achieving current limiting. At this point, the high pressure generated by the vaporized fusible element pushes the piston to move to the right, compressing the argon gas. After the circuit breaker interrupts the short-circuit current limited by the self-resetting fuse, the temperature of the sodium vapor drops, and the pressure decreases accordingly. The previously compressed argon gas condenses back into liquid and solid states, and its resistance value returns to the original level, making it ready for reuse. Regarding the wiring of self-resetting fuses, they are often used in series with circuit breakers, with an additional resistor connected in parallel to suppress overvoltages that appear during interruption. During normal operation, the self-resetting fuse is in a low-resistance state, and only a small current flows through the parallel resistor. When a line fault occurs, the self-resetting fuse enters a high-resistance state; the parallel resistor can absorb the resulting overvoltage and maintain the operating current required for the circuit breaker trip unit, ensuring reliable interruption by the circuit breaker. Therefore, the current interrupted by the circuit breaker is actually the current-limited value provided by the self-resetting fuse.

eckerle electrical component structure

Solid-state relays consist of three parts: input circuit, isolation, and output circuit. Depending on the input voltage category, input circuits can be divided into DC input circuits, AC input circuits, and AC/DC input circuits. Some input control circuits also feature compatibility with TTL/CMOS, positive/negative logic control, and inversion functions, allowing convenient connection to TTL and MOS logic circuits. For control signals with fixed control voltage, resistive input circuits are used. The isolation and coupling methods between the input and output circuits of solid-state relays include optocoupling and transformer coupling. Optocoupling typically uses photodiode-phototransistor pairs, photodiode-triac optocouplers, or photovoltaic cells to achieve isolated control between the control side and the load side. High-frequency transformer coupling utilizes self-excited high-frequency signals generated by the input control signal, which are coupled to the secondary side, then demodulated, rectified, and processed by logic circuits to form drive signals. The power switches of solid-state relays are directly connected to the power supply and load terminals to realize switching of the load power. Commonly used components include high-power bipolar transistors, unidirectional thyristors, bidirectional thyristors, power MOSFETs, and insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). The output circuits of solid-state relays can also be categorized into DC output circuits, AC output circuits, and AC/DC output circuits. Based on load type, they can be divided into DC solid-state relays and AC solid-state relays. For DC output, bipolar devices or power MOSFETs can be used; for AC output, two thyristors or one triac are typically used. AC solid-state relays can be further divided into single-phase AC solid-state relays and three-phase AC solid-state relays. Based on the timing of turn-on and turn-off, AC solid-state relays can be classified as random-turn-on AC solid-state relays and zero-crossing AC solid-state relays.

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