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ECODESIGN electrical component is a transducer that converts a changing magnetic field into a change in output voltage. Hall sensors are primarily used to measure magnetic fields, and can also measure physical quantities that generate and affect magnetic fields, such as those used in proximity switches, Hall elements, position measurement, speed measurement, and current measurement devices. In its simplest form, the sensor acts as an analog transducer, directly returning a voltage. In a known magnetic field, its distance from the Hall plate can be set. Using multiple sensors, the relative position of the magnet can be inferred. Current passing through a conductor generates a magnetic field that varies with the current, and Hall effect sensors can measure current without interfering with it. A typical construction integrates the sensor with a wound magnetic core or a permanent magnet next to the conductor being measured. Usually, Hall effect sensors are connected to circuits, allowing the device to operate in digital (on/off) mode, in which case it can be referred to as a switch. Industrial equipment such as cylinders is also used in everyday devices; for example, some printers use them to monitor paper-out and open-cover conditions. When high reliability is required for keyboards, Hall sensors are designed into the keys. Hall effect sensors are commonly used to measure wheel and shaft speeds, such as in internal combustion engine ignition timing or tachometers. They are used in brushless DC motors to detect the position of permanent magnets. A wheel with two equidistant magnets will cause the voltage on the sensor to peak twice per cycle; this setup is often used to calibrate the speed of disk drives.

ECODESIGN electrical component classification

Fuses can be divided into high-voltage fuses and low-voltage fuses according to the operating voltage. According to the protected object, they can be divided into fuses for protecting transformers and general electrical equipment, fuses for protecting voltage transformers, fuses for protecting power capacitors, fuses for protecting semiconductor components, fuses for protecting motors, and fuses for protecting household appliances. According to structure, they can be divided into open-type, semi-enclosed, tube-type, and expulsion fuses. Open-type fuses have a simple structure, with the fusible element completely exposed to the air, supported by porcelain pillars without a base, suitable for low-voltage outdoor use. When interrupting current, they produce significant noise and light in the atmosphere. In semi-enclosed fuses, the fusible element is mounted on a porcelain frame and inserted into a porcelain box with metal sockets at both ends, suitable for low-voltage indoor use. The noise and light generated during current interruption are contained by the porcelain box. In tube-type fuses, the fusible element is installed inside the fuse body. It is then plugged into a base or directly connected to the circuit for use. The fuse element is a fully sealed insulating tube with metal caps on both ends or equipped with contact blades. If the insulating tube of this type of fuse is filled with quartz sand, it has a current-limiting effect when interrupting current, greatly improving the breaking capacity, hence it is also called a high-breaking-capacity fuse. If the tube is evacuated, it is called a vacuum fuse. If the tube is filled with SF6 gas, it is called a SF6 fuse, aimed at improving arc-extinguishing performance. Since quartz sand, vacuum, and SF6 gas all have good insulation properties, this type of fuse is suitable for both low and high voltage. Expulsion fuses have the fusible element installed in an insulating tube made of solid gas-generating material. Solid gas-generating materials can include electrical anti-white cardboard or organic glass materials. When short-circuit current passes through the fusible element, it melts immediately, generating an electric arc. The high-temperature arc causes the solid gas-generating material to rapidly decompose, producing a large amount of high-pressure gas, which expels the ionized gas and arc from both ends of the tube, emitting intense noise and light, and extinguishing the arc when the AC current crosses zero, thereby interrupting the current. The insulating tube is usually mounted on an insulating support to form the complete fuse. Sometimes the upper end of the insulating tube is made movable, detaching and dropping immediately after current interruption; this type of expulsion fuse is commonly known as a drop-out fuse.

ECODESIGN electrical component types

Inductors can be made by winding conductive material, typically copper wire, around a magnetic core, or the core can be removed or replaced with ferromagnetic material. Core materials with higher permeability than air can confine the magnetic field more tightly around the inductor component, thereby increasing inductance. There are many types of inductors; most are made with enamel-coated coils wound around ferrite bobbins, while some shielded inductors place the coil entirely within the ferrite. The cores of some inductor components are adjustable, allowing the inductance value to be changed. Small inductors can be directly etched onto PCB boards using a method of laying out spiral traces. Low-value inductors can also be manufactured in integrated circuits using the same processes as for transistors. In these applications, aluminum interconnects are often used as conductive material. Regardless of the method, due to practical constraints, the most widely used approach is a circuit called a "gyrator," which uses a capacitor and active components to exhibit the same characteristics as an inductor. Inductor components used for blocking high frequencies are often constructed from a metal wire passing through a magnetic pillar or bead.

ECODESIGN electrical component types

Inductors can be made by winding conductive material, typically copper wire, around a magnetic core, or the core can be removed or replaced with ferromagnetic material. Core materials with higher permeability than air can confine the magnetic field more tightly around the inductor component, thereby increasing inductance. There are many types of inductors; most are made with enamel-coated coils wound around ferrite bobbins, while some shielded inductors place the coil entirely within the ferrite. The cores of some inductor components are adjustable, allowing the inductance value to be changed. Small inductors can be directly etched onto PCB boards using a method of laying out spiral traces. Low-value inductors can also be manufactured in integrated circuits using the same processes as for transistors. In these applications, aluminum interconnects are often used as conductive material. Regardless of the method, due to practical constraints, the most widely used approach is a circuit called a "gyrator," which uses a capacitor and active components to exhibit the same characteristics as an inductor. Inductor components used for blocking high frequencies are often constructed from a metal wire passing through a magnetic pillar or bead.

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