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ELIM electrical component is a pyroelectric infrared sensor, a device constructed from thermocouples. It is widely used as a temperature detection device in fields such as ear thermometers, radiation thermometers, electric ovens, and food temperature detection. The entry details the basic unit of a thermopile—the thermocouple; and provides a detailed introduction to the structure, working principle, main parameters, and applications of thermopiles.

ELIM electrical component principle

A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts optical signals into electrical signals. Its core part is also a PN junction. Compared to ordinary diodes, the structural difference is that to facilitate the reception of incident light, the PN junction area is made as large as possible, the electrode area is made as small as possible, and the junction depth of the PN junction is very shallow, generally less than 5 micrometers. Photodiodes operate under reverse voltage. When there is no illumination, the reverse current is very small, known as dark current. When illuminated, photons carrying energy enter the PN junction and transfer energy to bound electrons in covalent bonds, causing some electrons to break free from the covalent bonds, thereby generating electron-hole pairs, known as photogenerated carriers. Under the action of reverse voltage, they participate in drift motion, significantly increasing the reverse current; the greater the light intensity, the greater the reverse current. This characteristic is called "photoconductivity." The current generated by a photodiode under general illumination is called photocurrent. If a load is connected in the external circuit, the load receives an electrical signal, and this electrical signal changes correspondingly with changes in light. Photodiodes are photosensitive devices widely used in electronic circuits. Like ordinary diodes, photodiodes have a PN junction. The difference is that the photodiode housing has a transparent window to receive light irradiation, achieving photoelectric conversion. In circuit diagrams, the text symbol is generally VD.

ELIM electrical component applications

PN junction photodiodes, like other types of photodetectors, are widely used in devices such as photoresistors, charge-coupled devices (CCDs), and photomultiplier tubes. They can output corresponding analog electrical signals based on the illuminance of received light or switch between different states in digital circuits. Photodiodes are also used in consumer electronics, such as CD players, smoke detectors, and infrared remote control devices for televisions and air conditioners. For many applications, photodiodes or other photoconductive materials can be used. They are all suitable for measuring light and are often used in camera light meters, automatic brightness adjustment for street lights, etc. All types of optical sensors can be used to detect sudden illumination or detect light emission within the same circuit system. Photodiodes are often combined with light-emitting devices to form a module, commonly known as an optocoupler. This allows the analysis of the motion of external mechanical components by analyzing the received light conditions. Another function of photodiodes is to act as an intermediary between analog and digital circuits, allowing these two circuit segments to be coupled via optical signals, which improves circuit safety. In scientific research and industry, photodiodes are often used to precisely measure light intensity because they have better linearity than other photoconductive materials. In medical application equipment, photodiodes are also widely used, such as in X ray computed tomography and pulse detectors. PIN junction photodiodes are generally not used to measure very low light intensities. If high-sensitivity detectors are needed in weak light conditions, avalanche photodiodes, charge-coupled devices (CCDs), or photomultiplier tubes can play a role, such as in astronomy, spectroscopy, night vision equipment, laser rangefinders, and other applications.

ELIM electrical component characteristics

The main characteristics of circuit breakers include: rated voltage; rated current; tripping current setting range for overload protection and short-circuit protection; rated short-circuit breaking current, etc. Rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity refers to the ability of a low-voltage circuit breaker to operate normally again and break this short-circuit current once more after breaking the maximum three-phase short-circuit current at the output terminal of the circuit breaker. The circuit breaker does not guarantee whether it can normally connect and break thereafter; whereas rated service short-circuit breaking capacity refers to the ability of the circuit breaker to break normally multiple times when the maximum three-phase short-circuit current occurs at its output terminal. Rated service short-circuit breaking capacity is a breaking current value smaller than the rated ultimate short-circuit breaking current. Generally speaking, circuit breakers with three-stage protection functions—long-time delay for overload, short-time delay for short-circuit, and instantaneous trip for short-circuit—can achieve selective protection. Most main lines (including the output terminals of transformers) use them as main protection switches. Circuit breakers without short-time delay for short-circuit function (only having long-time delay for overload and instantaneous trip for short-circuit, i.e., two-stage protection) cannot provide selective protection and can only be used in branch circuits. "Marine Electrical Engineering" points out that for circuit breakers with three-stage protection, emphasis is placed on their service short-circuit breaking capacity value, while for circuit breakers used in branch lines, it is necessary to ensure they have sufficient ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity value. A common bias is to prefer larger values rather than appropriately sized ones, believing that larger is safer. However, choosing excessively large values causes unnecessary waste. Therefore, there is no need for circuit breakers on branch lines to blindly pursue high service short-circuit breaking capacity indicators. For circuit breakers used on main lines, they must not only meet the requirements for rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity but also meet the requirements for rated service short-circuit breaking capacity. A circuit breaker is a basic low-voltage electrical appliance. Circuit breakers have overload, short-circuit, and undervoltage protection functions, providing the ability to protect lines and power sources. The main technical indicators are rated voltage and rated current. Circuit breakers have different functions depending on the application, with many varieties and specifications, and thus many specific technical indicators. Free tripping of circuit breakers: At any moment during the closing process of a circuit breaker, if the protection action connects the tripping circuit, the circuit breaker can reliably disconnect completely. This is called free tripping. Circuit breakers with free tripping can ensure rapid disconnection when a short-circuit fault occurs during closing, avoiding the expansion of the accident scope.

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