eliwell electrical components Germany eliwell model eliwell price

eliwell electrical components are commonly used temperature-sensing elements in temperature measurement instruments. They directly measure temperature and convert the temperature signal into a thermoelectric EMF signal, which is then converted into the temperature of the measured medium by an electrical instrument (secondary instrument). The external shapes of various thermocouples often differ significantly depending on requirements, but their basic structures are largely similar, typically consisting of main components such as hot electrodes, insulating protective tubes, and terminal blocks. They are usually used in conjunction with display instruments, recording instruments, and electronic regulators. In industrial production processes, temperature is one of the important parameters that need to be measured and controlled. In temperature measurement, thermocouples are widely used. They offer many advantages, including simple structure, ease of manufacturing, wide measurement range, high accuracy, low inertia, and output signals suitable for long-distance transmission. Additionally, since a thermocouple is a passive sensor that does not require an external power supply during measurement, it is very convenient to use. Therefore, it is often used to measure the temperature of gases or liquids inside furnaces and pipelines, as well as the surface temperature of solids.

eliwell electrical component principle

The main principle of a diode is to utilize the unidirectional conductivity of the PN junction. Adding lead wires and encapsulation to the PN junction forms a diode. A crystal diode consists of a PN junction formed by P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor. A space charge layer is formed on both sides of the interface, establishing a built-in electric field. When no external voltage is applied, the diffusion current caused by the carrier concentration difference across the PN junction equals the drift current caused by the built-in electric field, resulting in an electrical equilibrium state. When a forward voltage bias is applied externally, the mutual cancellation effect between the external electric field and the built-in electric field increases the diffusion current of carriers, causing a forward current. When a reverse voltage bias is applied externally, the external electric field and the built-in electric field are further strengthened, forming a reverse saturation current within a certain reverse voltage range that is independent of the reverse bias voltage value. When the applied reverse voltage reaches a certain level, the electric field strength in the space charge layer of the PN junction reaches a critical value, triggering a carrier multiplication process. This generates a large number of electron-hole pairs, resulting in a significant reverse breakdown current, known as the diode breakdown phenomenon. Reverse breakdown of the PN junction is classified into Zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown.

eliwell electrical component principle

The basic working principle of fiber optic sensors is to guide light from a light source through an optical fiber into a modulator. After the parameter to be measured interacts with the light entering the modulation region, the optical properties of the light (such as intensity, wavelength, frequency, phase, and polarization state) change, resulting in modulated signal light. The measurement is then completed by utilizing the influence of the measured quantity on the light transmission characteristics. There are two types of measurement principles for fiber optic sensors: (1) Principle of intrinsic fiber optic sensors: Intrinsic fiber optic sensors utilize the sensitivity of the optical fiber to environmental changes to convert input physical quantities into modulated optical signals. Their working principle is based on the optical modulation effect of the fiber, meaning that when external environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, electric field, and magnetic field change, the light transmission characteristics of the fiber, such as phase and light intensity, will change. Therefore, by measuring the changes in optical phase and light intensity through the fiber, the changes in the measured physical quantity can be determined. These sensors are also known as sensitive element type or functional fiber optic sensors. The point source beam of a laser is diffused into parallel waves and split into two paths by a beam splitter: one reference path and one measurement path. External parameters (temperature, pressure, vibration, etc.) cause changes in fiber length and optical phase, resulting in different numbers of interference fringes. Counting the lateral movement of these fringes allows for the measurement of temperature or pressure. (2) Principle of extrinsic fiber optic sensors: Extrinsic fiber optic sensors are measurement systems composed of light detection elements (sensitive elements), optical fiber transmission circuits, and measurement circuits. Since the optical fiber serves only as a medium for light propagation, they are also referred to as non-functional or light-transmitting fiber optic sensors.

eliwell electrical component characteristics

The main characteristics of circuit breakers include: rated voltage; rated current; tripping current setting range for overload protection and short-circuit protection; rated short-circuit breaking current, etc. Rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity refers to the ability of a low-voltage circuit breaker to operate normally again and break this short-circuit current once more after breaking the maximum three-phase short-circuit current at its output terminals. The circuit breaker does not guarantee whether it can normally connect and break thereafter. Rated service short-circuit breaking capacity refers to the ability of the circuit breaker to break normally multiple times when the maximum three-phase short-circuit current occurs at its output terminals. The rated service short-circuit breaking capacity is a breaking current value lower than the rated ultimate short-circuit breaking current. Generally, circuit breakers with three-stage protection functions—long-time delay for overload, short-time delay for short circuit, and instantaneous action for short circuit—can achieve selective protection. Most main lines (including the output terminals of transformers) use them as main protection switches. Circuit breakers without short-time delay for short-circuit protection (having only long-time delay for overload and instantaneous action for short circuit, i.e., two-stage protection) cannot provide selective protection and can only be used on branch circuits. "Marine Electrical Engineering" points out that for circuit breakers with three-stage protection, emphasis is placed on their rated service short-circuit breaking capacity value, while for circuit breakers used on branch lines, it is essential to ensure they have sufficient rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity values. A common bias is to prefer larger values rather than appropriately matched ones, under the assumption that larger is safer. However, selecting excessively large values causes unnecessary waste. Therefore, there is no need to blindly pursue high rated service short-circuit breaking capacity indicators for circuit breakers on branch lines. For circuit breakers used on main lines, they must not only meet the requirements for rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity but also satisfy the requirements for rated service short-circuit breaking capacity. A circuit breaker is a basic low-voltage electrical appliance with overload, short-circuit, and undervoltage protection functions, capable of protecting lines and power sources. The main technical indicators are rated voltage and rated current. Circuit breakers have different functions depending on the application, with many varieties and specifications, and numerous specific technical indicators. Free tripping of circuit breakers: If the protection action connects the tripping circuit at any moment during the closing process of the circuit breaker, and the circuit breaker can reliably disconnect, this is called free tripping. Circuit breakers with free tripping ensure that they can quickly disconnect in the event of a short-circuit fault during closing, thereby preventing the expansion of the accident scope.

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