EMB Wittlich electrical components Germany EMB Wittlich models EMB Wittlich prices

EMB Wittlich electrical components are electronic devices made from semiconductor materials (silicon, selenium, germanium, etc.). A diode has two electrodes: the positive electrode, also called the anode; and the negative electrode, also called the cathode. When a forward voltage is applied across the two terminals of the diode, it conducts; when a reverse voltage is applied, it blocks. The conduction and blocking of a diode are equivalent to the closing and opening of a switch. A diode has unidirectional conductivity; when conducting, current flows from the anode through the device to the cathode. The diode is one of the earliest semiconductor devices, and its applications are very widespread. Especially in various electronic circuits, reasonable connections using diodes together with resistors, capacitors, inductors and other components form circuits with different functions, enabling AC rectification, demodulation of modulated signals, limiting and clamping, and voltage regulation of power supplies.

EMB Wittlich electrical component performance

(1) Electromotive force: Electromotive force is the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of the two electrodes. (2) Rated capacity: The theoretical capacity of a battery can be precisely calculated from the amount of active material in the electrode reaction equation and the electrochemical equivalent of the active material calculated according to Faraday's law. Due to possible side reactions in the battery and special design requirements, the actual capacity of a battery is often lower than the theoretical capacity. (3) Rated voltage: The typical operating voltage of a battery at room temperature, also known as the nominal voltage. It serves as a reference when selecting different types of batteries. The actual operating voltage of a battery equals the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of the positive and negative electrodes under different operating conditions. It depends only on the type of electrode active material, not on the quantity of active material. Battery voltage is essentially DC voltage, but under certain special conditions, phase changes in metal crystals or certain formation films caused by electrode reactions can cause minor voltage fluctuations, a phenomenon known as noise. The amplitude of the fluctuation is small but the frequency range is wide, so it can be distinguished from self-excited noise in the circuit. (4) Open-circuit voltage: The terminal voltage of a battery in an open-circuit state is called the open-circuit voltage. The open-circuit voltage of a battery equals the difference between the electrode potential of the positive electrode and that of the negative electrode when the battery is in an open circuit (i.e., no current flows through the two terminals). The open-circuit voltage of a battery is denoted by V. The open-circuit voltage of a battery is generally lower than its electromotive force. This is because the electrode potentials established by the two electrodes in the electrolyte solution are usually not equilibrium electrode potentials but stable electrode potentials. Generally, the open-circuit voltage of a battery can be approximated as its electromotive force. (5) Internal resistance: The internal resistance of a battery refers to the resistance encountered when current flows through the interior of the battery. It includes ohmic internal resistance and polarization internal resistance; polarization internal resistance further includes electrochemical polarization internal resistance and concentration polarization internal resistance. Due to the presence of internal resistance, the operating voltage of a battery is always lower than its electromotive force or open-circuit voltage. The internal resistance of a battery is not constant; it changes over time (gradually increasing) during charge and discharge cycles because the composition of the active material, the concentration of the electrolyte and the temperature are constantly changing. Ohmic internal resistance obeys Ohm's law; polarization internal resistance increases with increasing current density, but the relationship is not linear. It commonly increases with increasing current density. Internal resistance is an important indicator determining battery performance; it directly affects the battery's operating voltage, operating current, output energy and power. For a battery, the lower the internal resistance, the better. (6) Impedance: A battery has a large electrode-electrolyte interface area, so it can be modeled as a series circuit of a large capacitor with a small resistor and inductor. However, the actual situation is much more complex, especially since the battery's impedance varies with time and DC level; the measured impedance is valid only for the specific measurement state. (7) Charge/discharge rate: There are two representations: hour rate and C-rate. The hour rate expresses the charge/discharge rate as the charge/discharge time; numerically, it equals the battery's rated capacity (ampere-hours) divided by the specified charge/discharge current (amperes), yielding the number of hours. The C-rate is another representation of the charge/discharge rate; its value is the reciprocal of the hour rate. The discharge rate of a primary battery is expressed as the time taken to discharge through a fixed resistor to the cutoff voltage. Discharge rate has a significant impact on battery performance. (8) Service life: Storage life refers to the maximum allowable storage time from battery manufacture until initial use, expressed in years. The total period including both the storage period and the service period is called the battery's shelf life. The storage life of batteries is divided into dry storage life and wet storage life. Cycle life is the maximum number of charge/discharge cycles a rechargeable battery can achieve under specified conditions. When specifying cycle life, the test protocol for charge/discharge cycling must also be defined, including charge/discharge rates, depth of discharge and ambient temperature ranges. (9) Self-discharge rate: The rate at which a battery loses capacity on its own during storage. It is expressed as the percentage of capacity lost due to self-discharge per unit storage time relative to the capacity before storage.

EMB Wittlich electrical component types

For different application scenarios, the purpose of using varistors differs, and the voltage/current applied to the varistor will not be the same; therefore, the requirements for the varistor also differ. Paying attention to these differences is crucial for correct usage. According to the purpose of use, varistors can be divided into two main categories: (1) protection varistors and (2) circuit-function varistors. Protection varistors: (1) Distinguish whether the varistor is for power line protection or for signal/data line protection, as they must meet different technical standard requirements. (2) Based on the different continuous operating voltages applied to the varistor, varistors used across power lines can be classified into AC types or DC types; the aging characteristics of varistors under these two voltage stresses differ. (3) Based on the different abnormal overvoltage characteristics withstandable by the varistor, varistors can be classified into three types: surge suppression type, high-power type and high-energy type. 1. Surge suppression varistors refer to varistors used to suppress transient overvoltages such as lightning-induced overvoltages and switching overvoltages. The occurrence of such transient overvoltages is random and non-periodic, and the peak current and voltage may be very high. The vast majority of varistors belong to this category. 2. High-power varistors refer to varistors used to absorb periodic continuous pulse groups, such as varistors connected in parallel across switched-mode power supply converters. Here, impulse voltages occur periodically with a known period, and the energy value can generally be calculated. Although the voltage peak is not very high, the average power is considerable due to the high frequency of occurrence. 10. High-energy varistors refer to varistors used to absorb magnetic energy in large inductive coils such as generator excitation coils and lifting electromagnet coils. For such applications, the main technical indicator is energy absorption capability. In most application scenarios, the protective function of varistors can be exercised repeatedly; however, they are sometimes designed as "one-time" protective devices similar to current fuses. For example, varistors with short-circuit contacts connected in parallel across the loads of certain current transformers.

EMB Wittlich electrical component classification

Thyristors have multiple classification methods: (1) Classification by turn-off, turn-on and control methods: Thyristors can be divided into conventional thyristors, bidirectional thyristors, reverse-conducting thyristors, gate-turn-off thyristors, BTG thyristors, temperature-controlled thyristors and light-controlled thyristors, among others. (2) Classification by pins and polarity: Thyristors can be divided into two-terminal thyristors, three-terminal thyristors and four-terminal thyristors based on their pins and polarity. (3) Classification by package type: Thyristors can be divided into three types based on their package: metal-packaged thyristors, plastic-packaged thyristors and ceramic-packaged thyristors. Among these, metal-packaged thyristors are further divided into bolt-type, flat-type, round-case type and others; plastic-packaged thyristors are divided into types with heat sinks and types without heat sinks. (4) Classification by current capacity: Thyristors can be divided into high-power thyristors, medium-power thyristors and low-power thyristors based on current capacity. Typically, high-power thyristors mostly use metal-case packaging, while medium- and low-power thyristors mostly use plastic or ceramic packaging. (5) Classification by turn-off speed: Thyristors can be divided into conventional thyristors and high-frequency (fast) thyristors based on their turn-off speed. (6) Zero-cross triggering - generally for power regulation, i.e., triggering occurs when the phase of the sinusoidal AC voltage crosses zero; triggering must occur at the zero-crossing point to turn on the thyristor. (7) Non-zero-cross triggering - the thyristor can be triggered to conduct regardless of the phase of the AC voltage. Commonly, this is phase-control triggering, i.e., changing the output percentage by altering the conduction angle (phase angle) of the sinusoidal AC voltage.

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