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fraenkische electrical components are linear devices based on metallic induction. The function of a sensor is to convert various measured physical quantities into electrical signals. In production processes, displacement measurement is generally divided into two types: measuring physical dimensions and measuring mechanical displacement. Depending on the form of transformation of the measured variable, displacement sensors can be classified as analog or digital. Analog types can be further divided into property-based and structural types. Commonly used displacement sensors are predominantly analog structural types, including potentiometric displacement sensors, inductive displacement sensors, synchros, capacitive displacement sensors, eddy current displacement sensors, and Hall effect displacement sensors. An important advantage of digital displacement sensors is that they facilitate direct input of signals into computer systems. Displacement is a quantity related to the movement of an object's position during motion, and the scope of displacement measurement methods is quite extensive. Small displacements are typically detected using strain gauge, inductive, differential transformer, eddy current, and Hall sensors. Large displacements are commonly measured using sensing technologies such as resolvers, optical gratings, capacitive gratings, and magnetic gratings. Among these, optical grating sensors are increasingly widely used in industries such as machine tool processing and testing instruments due to advantages such as ease of digitization, high precision (with current highest resolution reaching the nanometer level), strong anti-interference capability, absence of human reading errors, convenient installation, and reliable operation.

fraenkische electrical component function

To obtain information from the external world, people must rely on sensory organs. However, relying solely on human sensory organs is far insufficient for studying natural phenomena and laws, as well as for their functions in production activities. To adapt to this situation, sensors are required. Therefore, it can be said that sensors are an extension of the human five senses, also known as electronic five senses. With the advent of the new technological revolution, the world has begun to enter the information age. In the process of utilizing information, the primary issue to resolve is obtaining accurate and reliable information, and sensors are the main channels and means for acquiring information in the fields of nature and production. In modern industrial production, especially in automated production processes, various sensors are used to monitor and control various parameters in the production process, ensuring that equipment operates in a normal or optimal state and that products achieve the best quality. Therefore, it can be said that without numerous high-quality sensors, modern production would lose its foundation. In basic discipline research, sensors hold an even more prominent position. The development of modern science and technology has entered many new fields: for example, macroscopically observing the vast universe spanning thousands of light-years, microscopically observing the particle world as small as fm, vertically observing celestial evolution spanning hundreds of thousands of years, and instantaneous reactions as short as s. In addition, various extreme technology studies have emerged, playing an important role in deepening the understanding of matter, exploring new energy sources, and developing new materials, such as ultra-high temperature, ultra-low temperature, ultra-high pressure, ultra-high vacuum, ultra-strong magnetic fields, and ultra-weak magnetic fields. Obviously, it is impossible to obtain a large amount of information that human senses cannot directly acquire without corresponding sensors. Many obstacles in basic scientific research lie first in the difficulty of obtaining object information, and the emergence of some new mechanisms and high-sensitivity detection sensors often leads to breakthroughs in these fields. The development of some sensors is often the pioneer of the development of some edge disciplines. Sensors have long penetrated into extremely broad fields such as industrial production, space exploration, ocean detection, environmental protection, resource survey, medical diagnosis, bioengineering, and even cultural relic protection. It is no exaggeration to say that from vast space to the vast ocean, and even various complex engineering systems, almost every modern project is inseparable from various sensors.

fraenkische electrical component principle

An NPN type bipolar transistor can be viewed as two diodes connected together with a common anode. In the normal operating state of a bipolar transistor, the base-emitter junction is forward-biased, while the base-collector junction is reverse-biased. When no external voltage is applied, the electron concentration in the N region of the emitter junction is greater than that in the P region, and some electrons will diffuse into the P region. Similarly, some holes in the P region will also diffuse into the N region. Thus, a space charge region forms at the emitter junction, generating an internal electric field directed from the N region to the P region. This field hinders the further occurrence of the aforementioned diffusion process, thereby achieving dynamic equilibrium. At this point, if a forward voltage is applied to the emitter junction, the dynamic equilibrium between the carrier diffusion movement and the internal electric field in the depletion layer will be broken, causing thermally excited electrons to inject into the base region. In an NPN type transistor, the base region is P type doped, where holes are the majority dopants; therefore, electrons in this region are called "minority carriers." Electrons injected from the emitter into the base region partly recombine with the majority carrier holes there. On the other hand, due to the low doping level and thin physical dimensions of the base region, and because the collector junction is reverse-biased, most electrons will reach the collector region via drift motion, forming the collector current. To mitigate electron recombination before reaching the collector junction as much as possible, the base region of the transistor must be made sufficiently thin so that the time required for carrier diffusion is shorter than the lifetime of semiconductor minority carriers, and the base thickness must be much smaller than the electron diffusion length. In modern bipolar transistors, the typical value for base region thickness is a few tenths of a micrometer. It should be noted that although both the collector and emitter are N type doped, their doping levels and physical properties are not identical; therefore, a bipolar transistor must be distinguished from a configuration of two diodes connected in series in opposite directions.

fraenkische electrical component principle

The thermistor will remain in a non-tripped state for a long period; when the ambient temperature and current are in the c region, the heat dissipation power of the thermistor is close to its heat generation power, so it may trip or may not trip. When the ambient temperature is the same, the tripping time of the thermistor decreases sharply as the current increases; the thermistor has a shorter tripping time and smaller holding current and tripping current at relatively higher ambient temperatures. The PTC effect refers to a material having the PTC effect, namely the positive temperature coefficient effect, which only means that the resistance of this material increases with rising temperature. For example, most metal materials exhibit the PTC effect. In these materials, the PTC effect manifests as a linear increase in resistance with increasing temperature, which is commonly referred to as the linear PTC effect. Nonlinear PTC effect: Materials undergoing phase transition will exhibit a phenomenon where resistance increases sharply by several to more than ten orders of magnitude within a narrow temperature range, i.e., the nonlinear PTC effect. A considerable variety of conductive polymers exhibit this effect, such as polymer PTC thermistors. These conductive polymers are very useful for manufacturing overcurrent protection devices. Polymer PTC thermistors are used for overcurrent protection. Polymer PTC thermistors are often referred to as resettable fuses (hereinafter referred to as thermistors). Due to their unique positive temperature coefficient resistance characteristics, they are extremely suitable for use as overcurrent protection devices. The method of using thermistors is similar to ordinary fuses, connected in series in the circuit. When the circuit operates normally, the temperature of the thermistor is close to room temperature, and the resistance is very small, so connecting it in series in the circuit does not hinder current flow. However, when an overcurrent occurs in the circuit due to a fault, the temperature of the thermistor rises due to increased heat generation power. When the temperature exceeds the switching temperature, the resistance increases dramatically instantly, and the current in the loop rapidly decreases to a safe value. After the thermistor trips, the current in the circuit is significantly reduced, and t is the tripping time of the thermistor. Due to the good designability of polymer PTC thermistors, their sensitivity to temperature can be adjusted by changing their own switching temperature (ts), thus serving both over-temperature protection and overcurrent protection functions simultaneously, making them suitable for overcurrent and over-temperature protection of lithium-ion batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries. Influence of ambient temperature on polymer PTC thermistors: Polymer PTC thermistors are direct-heating, step-type thermistors. Their resistance change process is related to their own heat generation and heat dissipation conditions, so their holding current, tripping current, and tripping time are affected by ambient temperature.

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