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itw spit electrical components are pyroelectric infrared sensors, devices constructed from thermocouples. They are widely used as temperature detection devices in fields such as ear thermometers, radiation thermometers, electric ovens, and food temperature testing. The entry details the basic unit of a thermopile—the thermocouple—and provides a detailed introduction to the structure, working principle, main parameters, and applications of thermopiles.

itw spit electrical components classification

Thermosensitive materials are generally divided into three categories: semiconductor, metal, and alloy: 1. Semiconductor thermistor materials include single-crystal semiconductors, polycrystalline semiconductors, glass semiconductors, organic semiconductors, and metal oxides. They all have very large resistance temperature coefficients and high resistivity, resulting in high sensitivity for sensors made from them. Based on the resistance temperature coefficient, they can also be divided into negative temperature coefficient (NTC) materials and positive temperature coefficient (PTC) materials. For example, barium titanate ceramic is an ideal PTC semiconductor material. Both types of materials are widely used in temperature measurement, temperature control, temperature compensation, switching circuits, overload protection, and time delay applications, such as in the manufacture of thermistor thermometers, thermistor switches, and thermistor delay relays. Due to the exponential relationship between resistance and temperature, the temperature measurement range is narrow and uniformity is poor. 2. Metal thermistor materials are widely used as thermal resistors for temperature measurement, current limiters, and automatic constant-temperature heating elements. Examples include platinum resistance thermometers, nickel resistance thermometers, and copper resistance thermometers. Among these, platinum temperature sensors exhibit significantly high precision and stability in various media (including corrosive media). However, their widespread application is somewhat limited by the scarcity and high cost of platinum. Copper temperature sensors are cheaper, but long-term use in corrosive media can lead to significant changes in static characteristics and resistance values. Nickel temperature sensors are widely used abroad and are considered a relatively ideal material due to their high sensitivity, satisfactory reproducibility, and stability. 3. Alloy thermistor materials, also known as thermistor alloys. This type of alloy has high resistivity and its resistance value is sensitive to temperature changes, making it a good material for manufacturing temperature-sensitive sensors. The performance requirements for thermistor alloys as temperature-sensitive sensors are as follows: (1) sufficiently high resistivity; (2) reasonably high resistance temperature coefficient; (3) linear expansion coefficient close to that of the experimental material; (4) low strain sensitivity coefficient; (6) good repeatability of the resistance-temperature curve during heating and cooling within the operating temperature range.

itw spit electrical components principle

An AC power supply that provides stable voltage and frequency is called an AC stabilized power supply. Most domestic manufacturers focus on AC voltage stabilization. The following briefly describes the classification characteristics of AC stabilized power supplies available on the market. Parameter adjustment (resonance) type: The basic principle of stabilization for this type of power supply is LC series resonance. Early magnetic saturation stabilizers belong to this category. Its advantages are: simple structure, few components, high reliability, wide stabilization range, and strong anti-interference and overload capacity. The disadvantages are: high energy consumption, high noise, heavy weight, and high cost.

itw spit electrical components principle

A photoelectric sensor generally consists of 2 parts: the processing path and the processing element. Its basic principle is based on the photoelectric effect, converting changes in the measured quantity into changes in optical signals, and then using photoelectric components to further convert non-electrical signals into electrical signals. The photoelectric effect refers to illuminating an object with light, which can be viewed as a stream of photons, each carrying a certain amount of energy, bombarding the object. At this point, the photon energy is transferred to electrons, and the entire energy of one photon is absorbed by one electron at once. After receiving the energy from the photon, the state of the electron changes, thereby causing the illuminated object to produce a corresponding electrical effect. The photoelectric effect is usually divided into 13 categories: (1) The phenomenon where electrons escape from the surface of an object under the influence of light is called the external photoelectric effect, such as in phototubes and photomultiplier tubes; (2) The phenomenon where the resistivity of an object changes under the influence of light is called the internal photoelectric effect, such as in photoresistors and phototransistors; (3) Under the influence of light, the phenomenon where an object generates an electromotive force in a specific direction is called the photovoltaic effect, such as in photocells. Photoelectric detection methods offer advantages such as high precision, fast response, and non-contact operation, and they can measure many parameters. The sensor structure is simple, with flexible and diverse forms, therefore, photoelectric sensors are widely used in detection and control applications. Photoelectric sensors are key components in various photoelectric detection systems for achieving photoelectric conversion. They are devices that convert optical signals (visible and ultraviolet laser light) into electrical signals. Photoelectric sensors are sensors that use photoelectric devices as conversion elements. They can be used to detect non-electrical physical quantities that directly cause changes in light intensity, such as light intensity, illuminance, radiation temperature measurement, and gas composition analysis; they can also be used to detect other non-electrical quantities that can be converted into changes in light intensity, such as part diameter, surface roughness, strain, displacement, vibration, velocity, acceleration, as well as object shape and working status recognition. Photoelectric sensors feature non-contact operation, fast response, and reliable performance, and are therefore widely used in industrial automation equipment and robots. New photoelectric devices continue to emerge, especially with the advent of CCD image sensors, opening a new chapter for the further application of photoelectric sensors.

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