IVERLUX electrical components Germany IVERLUX model IVERLUX price

IVERLUX electrical components are chemical devices that directly convert the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy, also known as electrochemical generators. They represent the fourth power generation technology, following hydroelectric, thermal, and nuclear power generation. Since fuel cells convert part of the Gibbs free energy in the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions, they are not limited by the Carnot cycle effect, resulting in high efficiency. Additionally, fuel cells use fuel and oxygen as raw materials and have no mechanical transmission parts, resulting in minimal harmful gas emissions and a long service life. Thus, from the perspective of energy conservation and ecological protection, fuel cells are the most promising power generation technology. It is a power generation device that directly converts the chemical energy of fuel and oxidant into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. Theoretically, fuel cells can operate at a thermal efficiency close to 100%, offering high economic viability. Currently, due to various technical limitations and considering the energy consumption of the entire system, the overall conversion efficiency of actual operating fuel cells mostly ranges from 45% to 60%. If waste heat utilization is considered, it can reach over 80%. Furthermore, fuel cell devices contain few or no moving parts, ensuring reliable operation, low maintenance requirements, and quieter performance compared to traditional generator sets. Moreover, the electrochemical reaction is clean and complete, producing very few harmful substances. All these factors make fuel cells regarded as a highly promising energy power device. A fuel cell is an electrochemical power generation device that isothermally and directly converts chemical energy into electrical energy via electrochemical methods, without undergoing a heat engine process. It is not limited by the Carnot cycle, resulting in high energy conversion efficiency and zero pollution, making it an ideal energy utilization method. Meanwhile, with the continuous maturity of fuel cell technology and the abundant natural gas supply provided by the West-to-East Gas Transmission Project, the commercial application of fuel cells has broad development prospects.

IVERLUX electrical component principle

The main principle of a diode is to utilize the unidirectional conductivity of the PN junction; adding leads and encapsulation to the PN junction forms a diode. A crystal diode consists of a PN junction formed by P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor, where a space charge layer is formed on both sides of the interface, establishing a built-in electric field. When no external voltage is applied, the diffusion current caused by the carrier concentration difference across the PN junction equals the drift current caused by the built-in electric field, resulting in an electrical equilibrium state. When a forward voltage bias is applied externally, the mutual cancellation between the external electric field and the built-in electric field increases the diffusion current of carriers, causing a forward current. When a reverse voltage bias is applied externally, the external electric field and the built-in electric field are further strengthened, forming a reverse saturation current within a certain reverse voltage range that is independent of the reverse bias voltage value. When the applied reverse voltage reaches a certain level, the electric field strength in the space charge layer of the PN junction reaches a critical value, triggering a carrier multiplication process that generates a large number of electron-hole pairs, resulting in a significant reverse breakdown current, known as the diode breakdown phenomenon. Reverse breakdown of the PN junction is classified into Zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown.

IVERLUX electrical component function

In DC circuits, a capacitor is equivalent to an open circuit. A capacitor is a component capable of storing electric charge and is one of the most commonly used electronic components. Starting with the structure of a capacitor: the simplest capacitor consists of two end plates and an insulating dielectric medium in between (including air). After being energized, the plates become charged, forming a voltage (potential difference); however, due to the insulating material in between, the entire capacitor does not conduct electricity. However, this situation holds under the premise that the critical voltage (breakdown voltage) of the capacitor is not exceeded. We know that any material is relatively insulating; when the voltage across a material increases to a certain extent, the material can conduct electricity, and we call this voltage the breakdown voltage. Capacitors are no exception; once a capacitor is broken down, it is no longer an insulator. However, at the secondary school level, such voltages are not seen in circuits, so they always operate below the breakdown voltage and can be regarded as insulators. But in AC circuits, because the direction of current changes according to a certain functional relationship with time. And the charging and discharging process of a capacitor takes time; during this period, a changing electric field is formed between the plates, and this electric field is also a function changing with time. In fact, current passes through the capacitor in the form of an electric field.

IVERLUX electrical component principle

Hall voltage changes with the magnetic field strength; the stronger the magnetic field, the higher the voltage; the weaker the magnetic field, the lower the voltage. The Hall voltage value is very small, typically only a few millivolts, but after amplification by an amplifier in an integrated circuit, the voltage can be amplified enough to output a stronger signal. To make the Hall integrated circuit act as a sensor, mechanical methods are needed to change the magnetic field strength. A rotating impeller is used as a switch to control magnetic flux; when the impeller blades are in the air gap between the magnet and the Hall integrated circuit, the magnetic field deviates from the integrated chip, and the Hall voltage disappears. In this way, the change in the output voltage of the Hall integrated circuit can indicate a certain position of the impeller drive shaft. Using this working principle, the Hall integrated circuit chip can be used as an ignition timing sensor. Hall effect sensors belong to passive sensors; they require an external power supply to work, which allows them to detect low-speed operation conditions.

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