kathrein electrical components, German kathrein models, kathrein pricing

kathrein electrical components are constituent parts of electronic components and small machines or instruments. They often consist of several parts and are interchangeable within similar products. The term commonly refers to certain parts in the electrical, radio, and instrumentation industries, serving as a general term for electronic devices such as capacitors, transistors, hairsprings, and mainsprings. Common examples include diodes. Electronic components include: resistors, capacitors, inductors, potentiometers, electron tubes, heat sinks, electromechanical components, connectors, discrete semiconductor devices, electroacoustic devices, laser devices, electronic display devices, optoelectronic devices, sensors, power supplies, switches, micro-special motors, electronic transformers, relays, printed circuit boards, integrated circuits, various circuits, piezoelectric materials, crystals, quartz, ceramic magnetic materials, base substrates for printed circuits, special materials for electronic functional processes, electronic adhesive (tape) products, electronic chemical materials, and parts.

kathrein Electrical Component Characteristics

The static characteristics of a sensor refer to the relationship between the output and input quantities when the input signal is static. Since both input and output quantities are independent of time in this state, their relationship—the sensor's static characteristics—can be described by an algebraic equation without time variables, or by a characteristic curve plotted with the input quantity as the abscissa and the corresponding output quantity as the ordinate. Key parameters characterizing sensor static characteristics include: (1) Linearity: This refers to the degree to which the actual relationship curve between the sensor's output and input deviates from the fitted straight line. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation between the actual characteristic curve and the fitted straight line over the full scale range to the full-scale output value. (2) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is an important indicator of a sensor's static characteristics. It is defined as the ratio of the increment in the output quantity to the corresponding increment in the input quantity that causes it. Sensitivity is denoted by S. (3) Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon where the input-output characteristic curves do not coincide when the input quantity changes from small to large (forward stroke) and from large to small (reverse stroke). For the same magnitude of input signal, the output signals for the forward and reverse strokes differ; this difference is called the hysteresis error. (4) Repeatability: Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency in the characteristic curves obtained when the sensor's input quantity undergoes continuous, multiple full-scale changes in the same direction. (5) Drift: Sensor drift refers to the change in the sensor's output over time while the input quantity remains constant. There are two main causes of drift: one is the sensor's own structural parameters, and the other is the surrounding environment (such as temperature and humidity). (6) Resolution: When the sensor's input increases slowly from a non-zero value, the input increment at which the output shows an observable change is called the sensor's resolution, i.e., the minimum input increment. (7) Threshold: When the sensor's input increases slowly from zero, the input value at which the output shows an observable change is called the sensor's threshold voltage.

kathrein Electrical Component Functions

Photoelectric switches can be used in various application scenarios. Avoid strong light sources; photoelectric switches generally operate stably even in high ambient illumination. However, avoid aligning the sensor's optical axis directly with strong light sources such as sunlight or incandescent lamps. If the angle between the sensor's (receiver's) optical axis and the strong light source cannot be changed, install shading plates around the top of the sensor or use a long shading tube. To prevent mutual interference: New photoelectric switches typically have automatic mutual interference prevention features, so interference is usually not a concern. However, when installing several groups of HGK series through-beam infrared photoelectric switches close together, prevent interference between adjacent groups. The most effective way to prevent this interference is to cross-set the emitters and receivers. When there are more than 5 groups, increase the distance between groups. Using models with different operating frequencies is also an effective method. For retroreflective photoelectric switches, increasing the spacing is an effective way to prevent mutual interference. The greater the detection distance, the larger the spacing should be; the specific spacing should be determined based on debugging conditions. Using models with different operating frequencies is also advisable. Influence of mirror angle: When the detected object is glossy or has a smooth metal surface, the reflectivity is generally high, acting like a mirror. Adjust the installation so that the optical axis is not perpendicular to the detected object to prevent malfunction. Eliminating background influence: When using retroreflective diffuse emitters and receivers, stable detection may fail if the detected object is close to the background, or if the photoelectric switch or background is a smooth, highly reflective object. To resolve this, use distance-limited emitters and receivers, move away from the background, remove the background, paint the background matte black, or roughen/darken the background. Use of self-diagnosis function: During installation or use, minor issues such as slight optical axis misalignment, lens contamination, dust accumulation, external noise, or out-of-range ambient temperature may occur due to table/background influences or vibration. These issues may cause the photoelectric switch to deviate from its stable operating zone. In such cases, use the photoelectric switch's self-diagnosis function, which triggers the green stability indicator LED to notify the user to make timely adjustments.

kathrein Electrical Component Principles

Microphones have evolved from initial resistance-based electro-acoustic conversion to inductive and capacitive conversion. Many new microphone technologies have gradually developed, including aluminum ribbon dynamic microphones, as well as the currently widely used condenser microphones and electret microphones. The working principle of a dynamic microphone involves sound waves causing a diaphragm to vibrate through the air. The electromagnetic coil winding on the diaphragm cuts through the magnetic field formed by the magnet surrounding the dynamic microphone head, generating a weak fluctuating current. This current is transmitted to an amplifier, which converts the fluctuating current back into sound through the reverse process. For ribbon microphones, the aluminum ribbon serves as both the microphone diaphragm and the conductor moving in the magnetic field. The ribbon is typically made of aluminum foil. To achieve an ideal resonance frequency, the ribbon is corrugated to maintain precise tension. As a conductor and diaphragm, the ribbon is suspended in the magnetic field between two magnetic poles, vibrating with the frequency of incident sound waves and generating a voltage output at both ends. A condenser microphone has two metal plates; one surface is coated with an electret film and grounded, while the other plate is connected to the gate of a field-effect transistor (FET), with a diode connected between the gate and source. The diaphragm of a condenser microphone often uses polyfluoroethylene propylene, which offers good humidity performance, generates more surface charge, and is less affected by humidity. Since this transducer also has a capacitive structure with high internal signal impedance, a field-effect transistor must be used at the output terminal to extract and amplify the voltage signal generated by sound.

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