EPLAN electrical components Germany EPLAN model EPLAN price

EPLAN electrical components refer to integrated circuits formed by integrating analog circuits composed of capacitors, resistors, transistors, etc., to process analog signals. There are many analog integrated circuits, such as operational amplifiers, analog multipliers, phase-locked loops, power management chips, etc. The main constituent circuits of analog integrated circuits include: amplifiers, filters, feedback circuits, reference source circuits, switched-capacitor circuits, etc. Analog integrated circuit design is mainly obtained through manual circuit debugging and simulation by experienced designers, whereas corresponding digital integrated circuit design is mostly automatically synthesized under the control of EDA software using hardware description languages. Integrated circuits can be divided into two major categories based on their function and structure: digital IC and analog IC. Digital IC are used to generate, amplify, and process various digital signals (signals that change discretely in time and amplitude). Analog IC are circuits used to generate, amplify, and process various analog signals (signals whose amplitude changes continuously with time), and are one of the core technologies of microelectronics, capable of acquiring, amplifying, comparing, converting, and modulating analog quantities such as voltage or current.

EPLAN electrical component structure

Some gas discharge tubes use glass as the tube enclosure, while others use ceramic as the enclosure. The discharge tube is filled with inert gases with stable electrical properties (such as argon and neon). Common discharge tubes typically have two or three discharge electrodes, separated by inert gas. Based on the number of electrodes, discharge tubes can be classified into two-electrode and three-electrode discharge tubes. Ceramic two-electrode discharge tubes consist mainly of pure iron electrodes, nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy caps, silver-copper welding caps, and ceramic tube bodies. The discharge electrodes inside the tube are coated with radioactive oxides, and the inner wall of the tube body is also coated with radioactive elements to improve discharge characteristics. Discharge electrodes mainly come in two structures: rod-shaped and cup-shaped. In discharge tubes with rod-shaped electrodes, a cylindrical heat shield is installed between the electrode and the tube wall. This heat shield ensures uniform heating of the ceramic tube body, preventing local overheating that could cause tube fracture. The heat shield is also coated with radioactive oxides to further reduce discharge dispersion. In discharge tubes with cup-shaped electrodes, a molybdenum mesh is installed at the cup opening, and cesium element is placed inside the cup, also serving to reduce discharge dispersion. Three-electrode discharge tubes are also composed of pure iron electrodes, nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy caps, silver-copper welding caps, and ceramic tube bodies. Unlike two-electrode discharge tubes, three-electrode discharge tubes add a nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy cylinder as the third electrode, i.e., the ground electrode.

EPLAN electrical component principle

When high-frequency current flows through a conductor, an electric field and a magnetic field are generated in the surrounding space. Based on the spatial distribution characteristics of the electromagnetic field, it can be divided into the near zone, intermediate zone, and far zone. Let R be the distance from a point in space to the conductor. The region where R << λ/2π is called the near zone, where the electromagnetic field is closely related to the current and voltage in the conductor. The region where R >> λ/2π is called the far zone, where the electromagnetic field can propagate away from the conductor into space. Its changes lag behind the current and voltage on the conductor by a certain period, and the propagated electromagnetic waves are no longer directly related to the current and voltage on the wire. The electromagnetic field in this region is called the radiation field. It must be pointed out that when the length of the wire L is much smaller than the wavelength λ, radiation is very weak; when the length of the wire L increases to be comparable to the wavelength, the current on the wire will increase significantly, thus forming stronger radiation. Transmitting antennas utilize this property of the radiation field, allowing transmitted signals to radiate fully into space after passing through the transmitting antenna. How can a conductor become an effective radiating system? Here we first analyze the situation on transmission lines. On parallel two-wire transmission lines, to ensure only energy transmission without radiation, it is necessary to ensure symmetrical structure of the two wires, with currents at corresponding points on the lines being equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, and the distance between the two wires< π. To effectively radiate the electromagnetic field, this symmetry of the transmission line must be broken. Methods such as separating the two conductors at a certain angle or removing one side can break the conductor symmetry and produce radiation. By separating the open-circuit transmission line or the conductor at a distance of π/4 from the terminal in a straight line, the current on the terminal conductor becomes in-phase rather than anti-phase, causing the radiation fields from this segment of the conductor to superimpose in phase at spatial points, forming an effective radiation system. This is the simplest and most basic unit antenna, called a half-wave dipole antenna, with a characteristic impedance of 84 Ω. After electromagnetic waves are radiated from the transmitting antenna, they propagate in all directions. If a symmetric dipole is placed in the direction of electromagnetic wave propagation, an induced electromotive force will be generated on the antenna dipole under the action of the electromagnetic wave. If the antenna is connected to receiving equipment at this time, high-frequency current will be generated at the input end of the receiving equipment. Thus, the antenna acts as a receiver, converting electromagnetic waves into high-frequency current, meaning the antenna functions as a receiving antenna. The quality of reception depends not only on the strength of the radio waves but also on the directivity of the antenna and the matching between the half-wave symmetric dipole and the receiving equipment.

EPLAN electrical component structure

Some gas discharge tubes use glass as the tube enclosure, while others use ceramic as the enclosure. The discharge tube is filled with inert gases with stable electrical properties (such as argon and neon). Common discharge tubes typically have two or three discharge electrodes, separated by inert gas. Based on the number of electrodes, discharge tubes can be classified into two-electrode and three-electrode discharge tubes. Ceramic two-electrode discharge tubes consist mainly of pure iron electrodes, nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy caps, silver-copper welding caps, and ceramic tube bodies. The discharge electrodes inside the tube are coated with radioactive oxides, and the inner wall of the tube body is also coated with radioactive elements to improve discharge characteristics. Discharge electrodes mainly come in two structures: rod-shaped and cup-shaped. In discharge tubes with rod-shaped electrodes, a cylindrical heat shield is installed between the electrode and the tube wall. This heat shield ensures uniform heating of the ceramic tube body, preventing local overheating that could cause tube fracture. The heat shield is also coated with radioactive oxides to further reduce discharge dispersion. In discharge tubes with cup-shaped electrodes, a molybdenum mesh is installed at the cup opening, and cesium element is placed inside the cup, also serving to reduce discharge dispersion. Three-electrode discharge tubes are also composed of pure iron electrodes, nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy caps, silver-copper welding caps, and ceramic tube bodies. Unlike two-electrode discharge tubes, three-electrode discharge tubes add a nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy cylinder as the third electrode, i.e., the ground electrode.

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