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Ge Cema electrical components are resistive devices with nonlinear voltage-current characteristics, primarily used for voltage clamping when circuits experience overvoltage, absorbing excess current to protect sensitive components. The resistive body material of varistors is semiconductor, making them a type of semiconductor resistor. The widely used "zinc oxide" varistor has a main body composed of divalent zinc and hexavalent oxygen. Therefore, from a materials perspective, zinc oxide varistors are a type of "II-VI group oxide semiconductor." In Taiwan, varistors are called "surge absorbers," sometimes also referred to as "electric shock (surge) suppressors (absorbers)." Varistors are voltage-limiting protection devices. Utilizing the nonlinear characteristics of varistors, when overvoltage appears across the two poles of a varistor, it can clamp the voltage to a relatively fixed value, thereby protecting downstream circuits. Main parameters of varistors include: varistor voltage, current handling capacity, junction capacitance, response time, etc. The response time of varistors is in the ns range, faster than gas discharge tubes, but slightly slower than TVS tubes. Generally, their response speed meets the requirements for overvoltage protection in electronic circuits. The junction capacitance of varistors is typically in the range of hundreds to thousands of Pf, making them unsuitable for direct application in high-frequency signal line protection in many cases. When applied in AC circuit protection, their larger junction capacitance increases leakage current, which must be fully considered in protection circuit design. Varistors have a large current handling capacity, but smaller than that of gas discharge tubes. Varistors, abbreviated as VDR, are voltage-sensitive nonlinear overvoltage protection semiconductor components.

Ge Cema electrical component functions

The self-induced electromotive force in an inductor coil always opposes changes in the current within the coil. Inductor coils impede alternating current; the magnitude of this impedance is called inductive reactance xl, measured in ohms. Its relationship with inductance l and AC frequency f is xl=2πfl. Inductors are mainly classified into high-frequency choke coils and low-frequency choke coils. An inductor coil connected in parallel with a capacitor forms an lc tuned circuit. That is, when the natural oscillation frequency f0 of the circuit equals the frequency f of the non-AC signal, the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance of the loop are equal. Consequently, electromagnetic energy oscillates back and forth between the inductor and capacitor; this is the resonance phenomenon of the lc loop. At resonance, the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, resulting in minimum total loop reactance and maximum current (referring to AC signals where f="f4"). The lc resonant circuit has frequency selection capability, able to select AC signals of a specific frequency f.

Ge Cema electrical component characteristics

(1) Linearity: Refers to the degree to which the actual relationship curve between the sensor's output and input deviates from the fitted straight line. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation between the actual characteristic curve and the fitted straight line over the full scale range to the full-scale output value. (2) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is an important indicator of a sensor's static characteristics. It is defined as the ratio of the increment in output to the corresponding increment in input that causes it. Use S to denote sensitivity. (3) Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon where the input-output characteristic curves do not coincide during the change of input from small to large (forward stroke) and from large to small (reverse stroke). For the same magnitude of input signal, the output signals for the forward and reverse strokes are unequal; this difference is called the hysteresis error. (4) Repeatability: Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency in the characteristic curves obtained when the sensor's input undergoes continuous multiple full-scale changes in the same direction. (5) Drift: Sensor drift refers to the phenomenon where the sensor's output changes over time while the input remains constant. There are two causes for drift: one is the sensor's own structural parameters; the other is the surrounding environment (such as temperature, humidity, etc.). (6) Resolution: When the sensor's input slowly increases from a non-zero value, an observable change in output occurs after exceeding a certain increment; this input increment is called the sensor's resolution, i.e., the minimum input increment. (7) Threshold: When the sensor's input slowly increases from zero, an observable change in output occurs after reaching a certain value; this input value is called the sensor's threshold voltage.

Ge Cema electrical component principles

A DC power supply has positive and negative electrodes; the positive electrode has a higher potential, and the negative electrode has a lower potential. When the two electrodes are connected to a circuit, they maintain a constant potential difference between the two ends of the circuit, thereby forming a current from the positive to the negative electrode in the external circuit. Relying solely on the difference in water levels cannot maintain a steady water flow, but using a pump to continuously move water from a lower level to a higher level can maintain a certain water level difference and form a steady water flow. Similarly, relying solely on the electrostatic field generated by electric charges cannot maintain a steady current. However, with a DC power supply, non-electrostatic forces (abbreviated as "non-electrostatic force") can be used to return positive charges from the lower-potential negative electrode through the interior of the power supply to the higher-potential positive electrode, maintaining the potential difference between the two electrodes and thus forming a steady current. Therefore, a DC power supply is an energy conversion device that converts other forms of energy into electrical energy to supply the circuit, maintaining the steady flow of current.

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