GLUAL electrical components Germany GLUAL model GLUAL price

GLUAL electrical components are constituent parts of electronic components and small electrical machines and instruments. They often consist of several parts and are interchangeable within similar products. The term commonly refers to certain parts in the electrical, radio, and instrumentation industries. In practice, electronic components is the collective term for both components and devices.

GLUAL electrical component classification

Fuses can be divided into high-voltage fuses and low-voltage fuses according to the operating voltage. According to the protected object, they can be classified as fuses for protecting transformers and general electrical equipment, fuses for protecting voltage transformers, fuses for protecting power capacitors, fuses for protecting semiconductor components, fuses for protecting motors, and fuses for protecting household appliances. According to structure, they can be divided into open-type, semi-enclosed, tube-type, and expulsion fuses. Open-type fuses have a simple structure; the fusible element is completely exposed to the air and supported by porcelain pillars without a base, making them suitable for low-voltage outdoor use. Interrupting current generates significant noise and light in the atmosphere. In semi-enclosed fuses, the fusible element is mounted on a porcelain frame and inserted into a porcelain box with metal sockets at both ends, making them suitable for low-voltage indoor use. The noise and light generated during current interruption are contained by the porcelain box. In tube-type fuses, the fusible element is installed inside the fuse body, which is then plugged into a base or directly connected to the circuit. The fuse link is a fully sealed insulating tube with metal caps or contact blades at both ends. If the insulating tube is filled with quartz sand, it provides current-limiting action during current interruption, greatly increasing the breaking capacity; hence, it is also called a high-breaking-capacity fuse. If the tube is evacuated, it is called a vacuum fuse. If the tube is filled with SF6 gas, it is called a SF6 fuse, aimed at improving arc-extinguishing performance. Since quartz sand, vacuum, and SF14 gas all have good insulating properties, this type of fuse is suitable for both low and high voltages. Expulsion fuses have the fusible element installed in an insulating tube made of solid gas-generating material. Solid gas-generating materials can include electrical anti-white cardboard or organic glass materials. When short-circuit current passes through the fusible element, it melts immediately, creating an arc. The high-temperature arc rapidly decomposes the solid gas-generating material, producing a large amount of high-pressure gas, which expels the ionized gas and arc from both ends of the tube, emitting intense noise and light, and extinguishing the arc when the AC current crosses zero, thereby interrupting the current. The insulating tube is usually mounted on an insulating support to form the complete fuse assembly. Sometimes the upper end of the insulating tube is designed to be movable; it detaches and drops after current interruption. This type of expulsion fuse is commonly known as a drop-out fuse.

GLUAL electrical component principle

An AC power supply that provides stable voltage and frequency is called an AC stabilized power supply. Most domestic manufacturers focus on AC voltage stabilization. Below is a brief description of the classification characteristics of AC stabilized power supplies available on the market. Parameter adjustment (resonance) type: The basic principle of voltage stabilization for this type of stabilized power supply is LC series resonance. Early magnetic saturation stabilizers belong to this category. Its advantages are: simple structure, few components, high reliability, wide voltage stabilization range, and strong anti-interference and overload resistance. Disadvantages include: high energy consumption, high noise, heavy weight, and high cost.

GLUAL electrical component principle

The alternating current generated by an automotive alternator is converted to direct current by a rectifier, but its waveform still has irregular fluctuations, which directly affects the accuracy of vehicle ignition. The output voltage cannot remain relatively constant, causing differences in spark plug ignition energy each time, which can easily cause engine vibration, gear shift jerkiness, slow and weak acceleration, unstable idle speed, and low efficiency of the car air conditioner. This significantly reduces the performance and service life of onboard electrical equipment. Additionally, aging circuit systems in older vehicles and increased circuit impedance make the impact on the vehicle increasingly apparent. The role of an electronic rectifier is to help eliminate noise interference in the vehicle, stabilize output voltage, improve the instantaneous discharge capability of the power system, increase torque output, accelerate throttle response, extend battery life, shorten engine start-up time, and improve ignition efficiency, especially in small-displacement vehicles where the effect is more noticeable. A semiconductor PN junction conducts high current under forward bias and very low current under reverse bias. A rectifier diode utilizes this unidirectional conductivity of the PN junction to convert alternating current to direct current; it is a type of PN junction diode. Devices with a current capacity below 1 amperes are typically called rectifier diodes, while those above 3 amperes are called rectifiers. Common semiconductor rectifiers include silicon rectifiers and selenium rectifiers, available in many specifications, with voltages ranging from tens to thousands of volts and currents from a few amperes to thousands of amperes. Rectifiers are widely used in various forms of rectified power supplies. High-power rectified power supplies require rectifiers with high current capacity, high breakdown voltage, and good heat dissipation. However, these devices have large junction areas and high junction capacitance, resulting in very low operating frequencies, generally below tens of kilohertz. Silicon material has a larger bandgap and good thermal conductivity, making it suitable for manufacturing high-power rectifier devices. High-voltage silicon stacks are often used in high-voltage rectification setups. They consist of multiple rectifier die connected in series. Their reverse withstand voltage is determined by the withstand voltage of the die and the number of series-connected die, with maximum withstand voltages reaching hundreds of kilovolts. If a high-frequency rectifier circuit is used at very high frequencies, when the period of the AC voltage is comparable to the recovery time of the rectifier from on-state to off-state, the rectifier no longer functions effectively for high-frequency voltages. To adapt to high-frequency operation, gold doping is typically used in silicon rectifiers to shorten the lifetime of injected minority carriers, thereby reducing recovery time. To reduce the possibility of damage due to overvoltage breakdown and improve the reliability of the rectification device, silicon avalanche rectifiers can be used. In such devices, when the reverse voltage exceeds the allowable peak value, uniform avalanche breakdown occurs across the entire PN junction, allowing the device to operate under high voltage and high current, thus withstanding considerable reverse surge power. Manufacturing these devices requires materials with few defects, uniform resistivity, and flat junction surfaces. Exposed junction areas should also be properly protected to prevent surface breakdown. Selenium rectifiers have high overload capacity and strong ability to withstand reverse surge power. In the two basic types of rectifiers based on high-power diodes or thyristors, high-voltage AC power from the grid is converted to DC power by the rectifier.

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