HLSYSTEM electrical components German HLSYSTEM models HLSYSTEM prices

HLSYSTEM electrical components are devices that provide detachable (active) connections between optical fibers. They precisely align the end faces of two optical fibers to maximize the coupling of light energy from the transmitting fiber into the receiving fiber, while minimizing the impact on the system caused by their insertion into the optical link. This is the basic requirement for fiber optic connectors. To a certain extent, fiber optic connectors affect the reliability and various performance parameters of optical transmission systems.

HLSYSTEM electrical components classification

Fuses can be divided into high-voltage fuses and low-voltage fuses according to the operating voltage. According to the protected object, they can be classified as fuses for protecting transformers and general electrical equipment, fuses for protecting voltage transformers, fuses for protecting power capacitors, fuses for protecting semiconductor components, fuses for protecting motors, and fuses for protecting household appliances. According to structure, they can be divided into open-type, semi-enclosed, tube-type, and expulsion-type fuses. Open-type fuses have a simple structure, with the fusible element fully exposed to the air and supported by porcelain pillars without a base, making them suitable for low-voltage outdoor use. When interrupting current, they produce significant noise and light in the atmosphere. In semi-enclosed fuses, the fusible element is mounted on a porcelain frame and inserted into a porcelain box with metal sockets at both ends, making them suitable for low-voltage indoor use. The noise and light generated during current interruption are contained by the porcelain box. In tube-type fuses, the fusible element is installed inside the fuse body, which is then plugged into a base or directly connected into the circuit. The fuse element is a completely sealed insulating tube with metal caps or contact blades at both ends. If the insulating tube of this type of fuse is filled with quartz sand, it has a current-limiting effect when interrupting current, greatly increasing the breaking capacity; hence, it is also called a high-breaking-capacity fuse. If the tube is evacuated, it is called a vacuum fuse. If the tube is filled with SF6 gas, it is called a SF6 fuse, aimed at improving arc-extinguishing performance. Since quartz sand, vacuum, and SF11 gas all have good insulation properties, this type of fuse is suitable for both low-voltage and high-voltage applications. Expulsion-type fuses have the fusible element installed in an insulating tube made of solid gas-generating material. The solid gas-generating material can be electrical anti-white cardboard or organic glass materials. When a short-circuit current passes through the fusible element, it melts immediately, creating an arc. The high-temperature arc causes the solid gas-generating material to rapidly decompose, producing a large amount of high-pressure gas, which expels the ionized gas and arc from both ends of the tube, emitting intense noise and light, and extinguishing the arc at the zero-crossing of the AC current to interrupt the current. The insulating tube is usually mounted on an insulating support to form the complete fuse assembly. Sometimes the upper end of the insulating tube is designed to be movable, detaching and dropping down immediately after current interruption. This type of expulsion fuse is commonly known as a drop-out fuse.

HLSYSTEM electrical components structure

The basic structure of a voltage transformer is very similar to that of a transformer; it also has two windings, one called the primary winding and the other called the secondary winding. Both windings are mounted on or wound around an iron core. There is insulation between the two windings and between the windings and the iron core, providing electrical isolation between the two windings and between the windings and the iron core. During operation, the primary winding N1 is connected in parallel to the line, and the secondary winding N8 is connected in parallel to instruments or relays. Therefore, when measuring voltage on high-voltage lines, although the primary voltage is very high, the secondary side is low voltage, ensuring the safety of operators and instruments.

HLSYSTEM electrical components structure

1. The cathode of an electron tube is the component used to emit electrons, divided into oxide cathodes and thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes. Generally, oxide cathodes are indirectly heated; they use a dedicated filament to heat the cathode body coated with barium oxide, etc., for thermionic emission. Thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes are generally directly heated; thermionic emission is produced simply by heating, so they serve as both the filament and the cathode. Theoretically, thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes have a much longer lifespan than oxide cathodes. Thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes are most widely used in high-power transmitter tubes, while oxide cathodes are generally used in transmitter tubes with an output power of 1kW or less. Mesh cathodes are made into a cylindrical shape using thinner thoriated tungsten wires. Their advantages are: (1) Because they are woven from many thoriated tungsten wires, they have a larger permeance. (2) It is easier to achieve a smaller cathode-grid spacing, which helps improve transconductance. (3) Because the filament has a mesh structure, the current in each individual filament wire is small, resulting in weaker local magnetic fields, and thus less hum generated by the cathode current. 2. The grids of electron tubes are divided into first grid and second grid based on their roles within the tube, sometimes also referred to as control grid and screen grid. The main function of the first grid is to control the cathode current, while the function of the second grid is to shield the first grid from the influence of the plate. The grid structure relates to its own mechanical strength and heat dissipation effect, determining whether the tube can operate stably. To reduce electron transit time, the grid-cathode spacing is made very short, even less than 1mm, so manufacturers often use materials with high mechanical strength, high thermal conductivity, good radiation coefficient, and high melting point to make the grids, to avoid thermal contact between electrodes at such small spacings. The first and second grids must be strictly aligned, so that the screen grid captures fewer electrons, reducing screen grid dissipation, improving current distribution, and enhancing linearity. 14. The anode of an electron tube is the electrode that collects most of the electrons emitted by the cathode. During operation, due to electron bombardment of the plate surface and thermal radiation from other electrodes, a large amount of heat is generated at the plate. Since the power dissipation density of the plate ranges from tens to hundreds of watts per square centimeter, natural radiation or conduction cooling is insufficient for such high power densities. Therefore, forced cooling methods must be employed. Common methods include air cooling, water cooling, and evaporative cooling.

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