HORMEN electrical components German HORMEN models HORMEN prices

HORMEN electrical components are electronic devices with three terminals, made of three semiconductor regions with different doping levels. Charge flow in the transistor is mainly due to diffusion and drift of carriers at the PN junction. This transistor's operation involves the flow of both electrons and holes as carriers, so it is called bipolar, hence also known as a bipolar junction transistor. This mode of operation differs from unipolar transistors such as field-effect transistors, whose operation involves only the drift of one type of carrier. The boundary between the two differently doped regions is formed by the PN junction. Bipolar transistors can amplify signals and offer good power control, high-speed operation, and durability, so they are often used to build amplifier circuits or to drive devices such as speakers and motors, and are widely applied in aerospace engineering, medical devices, robotics, and other products.

HORMEN electrical component parameters

(1) Rated operating voltage: the voltage required by the coil for normal relay operation. Depending on the relay model, it can be AC or DC voltage. (2) DC resistance: the DC resistance of the relay coil, which can be measured with a multimeter. (3) Pull-in current: the minimum current at which the relay pulls in. During normal use, the applied current must be slightly higher than the pull-in current to ensure stable relay operation. The voltage applied to the coil should generally not exceed the rated operating voltage; otherwise, excessive current may burn out the coil. (4) Release current: the maximum current at which the relay releases. When the current in the pulled-in state decreases to a certain level, the relay returns to the de-energized released state; this current is much lower than the pull-in current. (5) Contact switching voltage and current: the voltage and current that the relay contacts are allowed to carry. These values determine the maximum voltage and current the relay can control; do not exceed them during use, otherwise the relay contacts may be easily damaged.

HORMEN electrical component principle

In generation, transformation, transmission, distribution, and utilization circuits, currents vary widely, from a few amperes to tens of thousands of amperes. For measurement, protection, and control, these currents need to be converted to more uniform levels; additionally, line voltages are generally high, making direct measurement hazardous. Current transformers provide current transformation and electrical isolation. For analog ammeters, the secondary current of current transformers is mostly in the ampere range. For digital instruments, the sampled signal is typically in the milliampere range. Miniature current transformers have secondary currents in the milliampere range and mainly serve as an interface between large current transformers and sampling circuits. Miniature current transformers are also referred to as "instrument current transformers." (The term "instrument current transformer" also refers to precision current transformers with multiple ratios used in laboratories, generally to extend instrument ranges.) Similar to transformers, current transformers operate on the principle of electromagnetic induction; transformers transform voltage, whereas current transformers transform current. The winding connected to the measured current is called the primary winding; the winding connected to the measuring instrument is called the secondary winding. The ratio of the primary winding current I1 to the secondary winding I11 current is called the actual current ratio K. The current ratio of a current transformer when operating at rated current is called the rated current ratio, denoted by Kn.

HORMEN electrical component applications

The most basic application of ordinary thyristors is controlled rectification. The familiar diode rectifier circuit is an uncontrolled rectifier. Replacing the diodes with thyristors creates a controlled rectifier circuit. Taking the simplest single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier as an example, during the positive half-cycle of the sinusoidal AC voltage U2, if there is no trigger pulse Ug input to the gate of VS, VS will not conduct. Only when U2 is in the positive half-cycle and a trigger pulse Ug is applied to the gate will the thyristor be triggered into conduction. Its waveforms (c) and (d) show that voltage UL appears across the load RL only when the trigger pulse Ug arrives. If Ug arrives earlier, the thyristor conducts earlier; if Ug arrives later, the thyristor conducts later. By changing the arrival time of the gate trigger pulse Ug, the average value of the output voltage UL across the load can be adjusted. In electrical engineering, half a cycle of AC is defined as 180°, called the electrical angle. Thus, in each positive half-cycle of U2, the electrical angle from zero to the instant the trigger pulse arrives is called the firing angle α; the electrical angle during which the thyristor conducts in each positive half-cycle is called the conduction angle θ. Clearly, α and θ indicate the conduction or blocking range of the thyristor during the half-cycle when it is under forward voltage. By changing the firing angle α or the conduction angle θ, the average value of the pulsed DC voltage UL across the load is changed, achieving controlled rectification. Low-power plastic-packaged bidirectional triacs are commonly used in sound- and light-controlled lighting systems. Rated current is less than 3A. Medium- and high-power plastic- and metal-packaged thyristors are typically used in power-type controlled voltage-regulation circuits, such as adjustable-output DC power supplies. High-power, high-frequency thyristors are commonly used in industrial applications such as high-frequency melting furnaces.

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