HORNER electrical components Germany HORNER model HORNER price

HORNER electrical component is a photodetector that converts light into current or voltage signals depending on the mode of use. The die often uses a photosensitive PN junction, which is highly sensitive to changes in light, exhibits unidirectional conductivity, and changes its electrical characteristics with varying light intensity; therefore, the current in the circuit can be changed by varying the light intensity. Photodiodes are also called photoelectric diodes. Photodiodes are similar in structure to semiconductor diodes; their die is a photosensitive PN junction with unidirectional conductivity, so during operation a reverse voltage must be applied. In the absence of light, there is a very small saturated reverse leakage current, known as dark current, at which point the photodiode is cut off. When exposed to light, the saturated reverse leakage current increases significantly, forming a photocurrent that varies with the intensity of the incident light. When light irradiates the PN junction, electron-hole pairs are generated in the PN junction, increasing the density of minority carriers. These carriers drift under reverse voltage, causing the reverse current to increase. Therefore, the current in the circuit can be changed by varying the light intensity.

HORNER electrical component structure

Unidirectional thyristors, commonly known as conventional thyristors, are used. They consist of four layers of semiconductor material and have three PN junctions, with three external electrodes: the electrode drawn from the first layer of P-type semiconductor is called the anode A, the electrode drawn from the third layer of P-type semiconductor is called the gate G, and the electrode drawn from the fourth layer of N-type semiconductor is called the cathode K. As seen from the circuit symbol of the thyristor, it is a unidirectional conductive device like a diode, but with an additional gate G, which gives it completely different operating characteristics compared to a diode. The P1N1P2N2 four-layer, three-terminal device, based on silicon single crystal as the basic material, is internationally known as the silicon-controlled rectifier due to its similarity to vacuum thyratrons, abbreviated as thyristor T. Since thyristors were initially used in static rectification, they are also referred to as silicon-controlled rectifiers, abbreviated as SCR SCR. In terms of performance, SCRs not only have unidirectional conductivity but also possess more valuable controllability than silicon rectifiers (commonly known as "dead silicon"). They have only two states: conduction and blocking. SCRs can control high-power electromechanical equipment with milliampere-level currents. If this power is exceeded, the average current allowed to pass decreases significantly due to increased switching losses, and the nominal current should be derated. SCRs have many advantages, such as controlling high power with low power, with power amplification factors reaching hundreds of thousands; extremely fast response, turning on and off within microseconds; contactless operation, no sparks, no noise; high efficiency, low cost, etc. The weaknesses of SCRs include poor static and dynamic overload capacity and susceptibility to interference causing false triggering. SCRs are mainly classified by their physical form into bolt-type, flat-plate type, and flat-base type. Structure of SCR components. Regardless of the physical form of the SCR, their cores consist of a four-layer P1N1P2N2 structure made of P-type silicon and N-type silicon. They have three PN junctions (J1, J2, J3), with the anode A drawn from the P1 layer of the J1 structure, the cathode K drawn from the N2 layer, and the gate G drawn from the P13 layer, making it a four-layer, three-terminal semiconductor device.

HORNER electrical component principle

In information technology, digital integrated circuits are the mainstay, processing information carried by digital signals, which take discrete values in time and magnitude. However, signals in nature change continuously in time and magnitude, such as wind sound and water flow; such signals are called analog signals. Correspondingly, circuits that process analog signals are called analog circuits, and integrated circuits used to process analog signals are called analog integrated circuits. Obviously, digital circuits cannot directly interface with the natural world; for the convenience of processing or transmission and to fully utilize the advantages of digital systems, analog signals are first converted into digital signals, input into modern digital systems with large capacity, high speed, strong anti-interference ability, and good confidentiality for processing, and then reconverted into analog signals for output. The main component of integrated circuits is the transistor, and analog integrated circuits are no exception, except that they utilize the amplification effect of transistors, whereas digital integrated circuits utilize the switching effect of transistors. Early analog integrated circuits mostly used bipolar transistors. Due to the maturity of CMOS technology, the disadvantage of slow speed in early CMOS circuits was overcome, and it has the advantages of low power consumption and convenient process upgrades (CMOS scaling). Today, analog integrated circuits and mixed-signal integrated circuits (integrating digital and analog circuits) are also commonly designed and implemented using CMOS.

HORNER electrical component classification

For most conductors, at a certain temperature, their resistance remains almost constant at a fixed value; such resistors are called linear resistors. For some materials, the resistance changes significantly with current (or voltage), and their volt-ampere characteristic is a curve; such resistors are called nonlinear resistors. For a nonlinear resistor under a given voltage (or current), the ratio of voltage to current is the static resistance at that operating point, and the slope of the volt-ampere characteristic curve is the dynamic resistance. The expression of nonlinear resistor characteristics is relatively complex, but these nonlinear relationships are widely applied in electronic circuits.

Weidou Intelligent Technology specializes in selling German HORNER connectors, HORNER switches, HORNER relays, HORNER controllers, HORNER plugs, HORNER sensors, HORNER resistors, HORNER capacitors, HORNER buses, HORNER modules, HORNER cables, HORNER power supplies, HORNER interfaces, HORNER gateways, HORNER circuit breakers, HORNER original imports from Germany. Welcome customers to inquire and order.