kraus und naimer electrical components Germany kraus und naimer models kraus und naimer prices

kraus und naimer electrical components are wires that transmit current. Current transmission is typically point-to-point. Power cords can be classified by use into AC AC power cords and DC DC power cords. Typically, AC power cords carry higher-voltage alternating current; due to the higher voltage, these cables must meet unified standards and obtain safety certification before formal production. DC cords basically carry lower-voltage direct current, so safety requirements are not as strict as for AC cords; however, for safety, countries still require unified safety certification.

kraus und naimer electrical component parameters

(1) Nominal capacitance is the capacitance marked on the capacitor. However, there is a deviation between the actual capacitance and the nominal capacitance; the accuracy class corresponds to the permissible error. General capacitors commonly use classes I, II, and III, while electrolytic capacitors use classes IV, V, and VI to indicate capacitance accuracy, selected according to application. The capacitance value of an electrolytic capacitor depends on the impedance presented during operation under AC voltage; the capacitance varies with changes in operating frequency, temperature, voltage, and measurement method. The unit of capacitance is F (farad). Since a capacitor is a "container" for storing electric charge, the issue of "capacity" size arises. To measure a capacitor's ability to store charge, the physical quantity capacitance is defined. A capacitor can store charge only under the action of an applied voltage. Different capacitors may store different amounts of charge under voltage. Internationally, it is uniformly specified that when 1 volts DC is applied to a capacitor, the amount of charge it can store is its capacitance (i.e., charge per unit voltage), denoted by the letter C. The basic unit of capacitance is the farad (F). (2) Rated voltage is the maximum DC voltage that can be continuously applied to the capacitor at the minimum and rated ambient temperatures. If the operating voltage exceeds the capacitor's withstand voltage, the capacitor will break down and be damaged. In practice, as temperature rises, the withstand voltage decreases. (3) Insulation resistance. When DC voltage is applied to a capacitor, leakage current is produced; the ratio of the two is called insulation resistance. For small capacitors, the value mainly depends on the surface condition of the capacitor; generally, the higher the insulation resistance, the better. (4) Loss. The energy consumed by heating per unit time under the action of an electric field is called loss. Loss is related to frequency range, dielectric, conductance, and the resistance of the capacitor's metal parts. (15) Frequency characteristics. As frequency increases, the capacitance of general capacitors tends to decrease. When a capacitor operates below its resonant frequency, it behaves capacitively; when it exceeds its resonant frequency, it behaves inductively, at which point it is no longer a capacitor but an inductor. Therefore, capacitor operation above the resonant frequency must be avoided.

kraus und naimer electrical component structure

For rubber and plastic power cord conductors used for power, lighting, and internal installation in electrical equipment, copper cores are preferred; for large-cross-section conductors, compacted stranded cores are advisable. Conductors for fixed installation generally adopt Class 1 or Class 2 conductor structures. Insulation materials generally include four types: natural styrene-butadiene rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene, and nitrile-PVC compounds. Heat-resistant power cords use PVC rated for 90 °C. Sheath materials generally include five types: PVC, cold-resistant PVC, ant-termite PVC, black polyethylene, and neoprene rubber. Black polyethylene and neoprene sheathed power cords are suitable for extreme cold resistance and outdoor overhead laying. In environments with external forces, corrosion, or moisture, rubber or plastic sheathed power cords may be used. Rubber and plastic flexible power cords use copper cores with a flexible structure, composed of multiple single-wire strands; flexible conductors generally adopt Class 5 or Class 6 conductor structures. Insulation materials generally include natural styrene-butadiene rubber, PVC, or soft polyethylene plastic. The cabling lay ratio multiplier is small. The outer protective layer uses cotton yarn braiding to prevent overheating and damage to the insulation layer. To facilitate use and simplify production processes, a three-core balanced structure is adopted, saving production labor hours and improving production efficiency. Shielded insulated power cord conductors may be tin-plated in certain applications; the surface coverage density of the shielding layer shall comply with standards or meet user requirements; the shielding layer shall be braided or wrapped with tinned copper wire; if an extruded sheath is added over the shield, the shield may use soft round copper wire braiding or wrapping. To prevent internal interference between cores or pairs, individual phase shielding structures for each core (or pair) can be produced. General rubber-sheathed rubber power cord conductors use soft copper wire stranding with a flexible structure; paper wrapping is permitted on large-cross-section surfaces to improve bending performance. Insulation uses natural styrene-butadiene rubber, which has good aging performance. Rubber for outdoor products uses neoprene or a neoprene-dominated mixed rubber formulation. Mining rubber power cord conductors use copper cores with a flexible structure, composed of multiple single-wire strands; flexible conductors generally adopt Class 5 or Class 11 conductor structures. Insulation materials generally use rubber. The cabling lay ratio multiplier is small. Many products use metal braiding to uniform the electric field and improve the sensitivity display of insulation status. There is a thicker outer sheath, and color coding is performed underground in mines so that construction personnel understand the different voltage levels of rubber power cord usage.

kraus und naimer electrical component applications

Semiconductor diodes are used in almost all electronic circuits. The use of semiconductor diodes in circuits can protect circuits and extend circuit life. The development of semiconductor diodes has optimized integrated circuits and played a positive role in various fields. Diodes serve many functions in integrated circuits, maintaining their normal operation. The following briefly introduces the roles of diodes in the following four types of circuits. (1) Switching circuits: In digital and integrated circuits, the unidirectional conductivity of diodes is used to achieve circuit conduction or interruption; this technology is widely used. Switching diodes can effectively protect circuits, preventing damage from short circuits and other issues, and can also realize the functions of traditional switches. Another characteristic of switching diodes is their fast switching speed, which is incomparable to traditional switches. (2) Limiter circuits: In electronic circuits, limiter circuits are commonly used to process various signals. They selectively transmit part of the signal within a preset level range. Most diodes can be used for limiting, but sometimes specialized limiter diodes are required, such as for instrument protection. (3) Voltage regulator circuits: Zener diodes are typically used in voltage regulator circuits. They are junction-type silicon semiconductor diodes manufactured using special processes. These special diodes have high impurity concentrations and high charge density in the space charge region, making it easy to form a strong electric field. When the reverse voltage across a Zener diode reaches a certain value, the reverse current increases sharply, causing reverse breakdown. (4) Varactor circuits: Varactor diodes are commonly used in varactor circuits to achieve automatic frequency control, tuning, frequency modulation, and scanning oscillation.

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