KREISA electrical components Germany KREISA model KREISA price

KREISA electrical components are detection devices that can sense measured information and convert the sensed information into electrical signals or other required forms of output according to specific rules, to meet requirements for information transmission, processing, storage, display, recording, and control. The existence and development of sensors give objects senses such as touch, taste, and smell, bringing objects to life; sensors are an extension of human senses. Sensors feature miniaturization, digitization, intelligence, multifunctionality, systematization, and networking. They are the primary link in achieving automatic detection and automatic control. A device or apparatus that can sense a specified measured quantity and convert it into a usable signal according to a certain rule (mathematical function law), typically composed of a sensitive element and a conversion element.

KREISA electrical component structure

Some gas discharge tubes use glass as the tube enclosure, while others use ceramic as the enclosure. The discharge tube is filled with inert gases with stable electrical properties (such as argon and neon). Common discharge tubes have two or three discharge electrodes, separated by inert gas. Based on the number of electrodes, discharge tubes are classified into two-electrode and three-electrode discharge tubes. Ceramic two-electrode discharge tubes consist mainly of pure iron electrodes, nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy caps, silver-copper welding caps, and ceramic tube bodies. The discharge electrodes inside the tube are coated with radioactive oxides, and the inner wall of the tube body is also coated with radioactive elements to improve discharge characteristics. Discharge electrodes mainly come in rod-shaped and cup-shaped structures. In discharge tubes with rod-shaped electrodes, a cylindrical heat shield is installed between the electrode and the tube wall. This heat shield ensures uniform heating of the ceramic tube body, preventing local overheating that could cause tube fracture. The heat shield is also coated with radioactive oxides to further reduce discharge dispersion. In discharge tubes with cup-shaped electrodes, a molybdenum mesh is installed at the cup opening, and cesium is contained within the cup, also serving to reduce discharge dispersion. Three-electrode discharge tubes are also composed of pure iron electrodes, nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy caps, silver-copper welding caps, and ceramic tube bodies. Unlike two-electrode discharge tubes, three-electrode discharge tubes include a nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy cylinder as the third electrode, i.e., the ground electrode.

KREISA electrical component principle

P-type semiconductors are formed by doping intrinsic semiconductors (a completely pure, structurally complete semiconductor crystal) with small amounts of trivalent impurity elements, such as boron. Since boron atoms have only three valence electrons, they form covalent bonds with surrounding silicon atoms. Due to the lack of one electron, a vacancy is created in the crystal. When electrons on adjacent covalent bonds gain energy, they may fill this vacancy, turning the boron atom into an immobile negative ion, while the original silicon atom's covalent bond forms a hole due to the missing electron. However, the entire semiconductor remains neutral. In this P-type semiconductor, conduction is primarily via holes; holes are the majority carriers, and free electrons are the minority carriers. The principle of forming N-type semiconductors is similar to that of P-type. Pentavalent atoms, such as phosphorus, are doped into the intrinsic semiconductor. After doping, they form covalent bonds with silicon atoms, generating free electrons. In N-type semiconductors, electrons are the majority carriers, and holes are the minority carriers. Therefore, doping trivalent and pentavalent impurity elements into two different regions of an intrinsic semiconductor forms P-type and N-type regions. Based on the characteristics of N-type and P-type semiconductors, a concentration difference of electrons and holes appears at their junction. Electrons and holes diffuse from high-concentration regions to low-concentration regions, disrupting the electrical neutrality at the original junction. PN junction unidirectional conductivity: When a forward voltage V is applied across the PN junction, the equilibrium state of the PN junction is broken under the influence of this external electric field. Holes in the P region and electrons in the N region move toward the PN junction. Holes neutralize negative ions in the P region of the PN junction, and electrons neutralize positive ions in the N region of the PN junction, thereby narrowing the PN junction. As the external electric field increases, diffusion motion strengthens further, while drift motion weakens. When the external voltage exceeds the threshold voltage, the PN junction acts as a resistor with very low resistance, meaning the PN junction is conducting.

KREISA electrical component composition

The printed circuit board mainly consists of pads, vias, mounting holes, traces, components, connectors, copper pours, and the electrical boundary. ① Pad: a metal hole used for soldering component pins. ② Via: includes metallic vias and non-metallic vias; metallic vias are used to connect component pins between layers. ③ Mounting hole: used to secure the printed circuit board. ④ Trace: copper film forming an electrical network that connects component pins. ⑤ Connector: a component used for connections between printed circuit boards. ⑥ Copper pour: copper filling applied to the ground network, which can effectively reduce impedance. ⑦ Electrical boundary: defines the dimensions of the printed circuit board; no components on the board may extend beyond this boundary.

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