novar friedland electrical components German novar friedland models novar friedland prices

novar friedland electrical components are surge absorbers/varistor assemblies. Due to their nonlinear resistance change with voltage, they exhibit symmetry in both directions (positive and negative). They respond to abnormal voltages on the line, absorbing most of the surge/lightning energy while suppressing the abnormal voltage to a safe range, thereby improving the safety and stability of the circuit. In the standby state, the surge absorber (varistor) has a very high impedance (several megaohms) relative to the protected electronic components and does not affect the characteristics of the original design circuit. However, when an instantaneous surge voltage occurs (exceeding the breakdown voltage of the surge absorber), the impedance of the surge absorber drops low (to only a few ohms), causing a short circuit in the line, thus protecting electronic products or more expensive components.

novar friedland electrical component performance

1. Protection characteristics: When the impact strength of the impulse source does not exceed the specified value, the clamping voltage of the varistor must not exceed the impulse withstand voltage that the protected object can endure. 2. Surge withstand characteristics: The varistor itself must be able to withstand the specified surge current, surge energy, and the average power during successive multiple surges. 3. Life characteristics include two aspects: one is the continuous operating voltage life, meaning the varistor should reliably operate for a specified time (in hours) under specified ambient temperature and system voltage conditions; the other is the surge life, meaning it can reliably withstand the specified number of surge impacts. 10. After the varistor is integrated into the system, in addition to acting as a "safety valve" for protection, it introduces some additional effects, known as "secondary effects," which should not degrade the normal operating performance of the system. The main factors to consider are three: first, the inherent capacitance of the varistor; second, the leakage current under system voltage; and third, the influence of the varistor's nonlinear current coupling through the source impedance on other circuits.

novar friedland electrical component structure

A bipolar junction transistor is fabricated on a single semiconductor substrate with two closely spaced PN junctions. These two PN junctions divide the entire semiconductor into three regions: the base region in the middle, and the emitter and collector regions on either side. There are two configurations: PNP and NPN. Corresponding electrodes are drawn from the three regions: the base b, the emitter e, and the collector c. The PN junction between the emitter and base regions is called the emitter junction, and the PN junction between the collector and base regions is called the collector junction. The base region is very thin, while the emitter region is thicker with a high impurity concentration. In PNP type transistors, the emitter "emits" holes, whose movement direction is consistent with the current direction, so the emitter arrow points inward; in NPN type transistors, the emitter "emits" free electrons, whose movement direction is opposite to the current direction, so the emitter arrow points outward. The direction of the emitter arrow also indicates the conduction direction of the PN junction under forward voltage. Both silicon and germanium bipolar transistors come in PNP and NPN types. Transistor packaging and pin identification: Common transistor packages fall into two main categories: metal and plastic. The pin arrangement follows certain patterns. When viewed from the bottom with the three pins forming the vertices of an isosceles triangle, the order from left to right is e b c. For small and medium-power plastic transistors, orient the flat side toward you with the three pins facing downward; the order from left to right is then e b c.

novar friedland electrical component parameters

Rated voltage: The safe voltage allowed during normal switch operation. If the voltage across the switch terminals exceeds this value, arcing and breakdown may occur between the two contacts. Rated current: The maximum safe current allowed to pass through the switch when closed. Exceeding this value may cause the switch contacts to burn out due to excessive current. Insulation resistance: The resistance value between the conductive parts and the insulating parts of the switch. Contact resistance: The resistance value between each pair of contacts when the switch is in the closed (on) state. Dielectric strength: The maximum voltage the switch can withstand between its conductors and ground. Service life: The number of operations the switch can perform under normal working conditions.

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