NOWODVORSKI electrical components Germany NOWODVORSKI model NOWODVORSKI price

NOWODVORSKI electrical components are fuses that can operate multiple times, known in Japan as permanent fuses. Immediately after interrupting an overload or short-circuit current, the fusible element automatically restores to its original state. The housing is made of austenitic stainless steel, with a beryllium oxide ceramic core embedded in the center. The space between the stainless steel and the ceramic core is filled with glass to seal and secure the ceramic core. The fine pores of the ceramic core are filled with metallic sodium as the fusible element, and the void behind the piston is filled with argon gas to compress the metallic sodium. Under normal operating conditions, current can enter from lead terminal A, pass through the metallic sodium in the fine pores of the ceramic core, conduct to the stainless steel housing, and exit via output terminal B. When a short-circuit current passes through the fuse, it rapidly heats the metallic sodium in the fine pores of the ceramic core, causing it to change from a solid to a high-temperature, high-pressure plasma vapor. The resistivity increases rapidly, thereby strongly limiting the short-circuit current and interrupting it instantly. When the interruption ends, the metallic sodium vapor immediately returns to liquid and solid states, while the argon gas pushes the piston again to compress the metallic sodium, re-establishing the circuit connection.

NOWODVORSKI electrical component principle

LCD is a display that uses liquid crystal as the material. Liquid crystals are a class of organic compounds intermediate between solid and liquid states. At ambient temperature, they exhibit both the fluidity of liquids and the optical anisotropy of crystals; when heated, they become a transparent liquid state, and when cooled, they become a crystalline, opaque solid state. Under the influence of an electric field, the alignment of liquid crystal molecules changes, thereby affecting the intensity of incident light passing through the liquid crystal. This change in light intensity is further manifested as variations in brightness due to the action of polarizers. Accordingly, by controlling the electric field applied to the liquid crystal, variations in light and dark can be achieved, thus accomplishing information display. Therefore, the function of liquid crystal material is analogous to an array of small "light valves." Because control circuits and driver circuits are present around the liquid crystal material, when electrodes in the LCD generate an electric field, the liquid crystal molecules twist, causing regular refraction of the light passing through them (the optical activity of the liquid crystal material), which is then filtered by a second polarizer and displayed on the screen. It is worth noting that because liquid crystal material does not emit light itself, LCD displays typically require an additional light source for the display panel; the primary lighting system is called the "backlight module," in which the backlight plate consists of fluorescent materials that emit light, mainly providing a uniform backlight source.

NOWODVORSKI electrical component principle

In chemical batteries, the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy results from spontaneous oxidation-reduction reactions occurring internally within the battery. These reactions take place at two separate electrodes. The negative electrode active material consists of reducing agents with a more negative potential that are stable in the electrolyte, such as active metals like zinc, cadmium, and lead, as well as hydrogen or hydrocarbon compounds. The positive electrode active material consists of oxidizing agents with a more positive potential that are stable in the electrolyte, such as metal oxides like manganese dioxide, lead dioxide, and nickel oxide; oxygen or air; halogens and their salts; oxyacids and their salts, etc. The electrolyte is a material with good ionic conductivity, such as aqueous solutions of acids, bases, and salts; organic or inorganic non-aqueous solutions; molten salts; or solid electrolytes. When the external circuit is open, although there is a potential difference (open-circuit voltage) between the two poles, no current flows, and the chemical energy stored in the battery is not converted into electrical energy. When the external circuit is closed, current flows through the external circuit under the influence of the potential difference between the two electrodes. Simultaneously, inside the battery, since there are no free electrons in the electrolyte, charge transfer must accompany oxidation or reduction reactions at the interface between the active materials of the two poles and the electrolyte, as well as mass transfer of reactants and products. Charge transfer within the electrolyte is also accomplished by ion migration. Therefore, normal charge and mass transfer processes inside the battery are necessary conditions for ensuring normal electrical energy output. During charging, the direction of charge and mass transfer processes inside the battery is exactly opposite to that during discharge; electrode reactions must be reversible to ensure the normal progression of reverse mass and charge transfer processes. Thus, reversibility of electrode reactions is a necessary condition for constituting a storage battery. This is the basic thermodynamic relationship between battery electromotive force and battery reaction, and also the fundamental thermodynamic equation for calculating battery energy conversion efficiency. In practice, when current flows through an electrode, the electrode potential deviates from the thermodynamic equilibrium electrode potential, a phenomenon known as polarization. The greater the current density (current passing through unit electrode area), the more severe the polarization. Polarization is one of the important causes of battery energy loss. There are three causes of polarization: (1) polarization caused by the resistance of various parts within the battery is called ohmic polarization; (2) polarization caused by the hindrance of charge transfer processes in the electrode-electrolyte interface layer is called activation polarization; (3) polarization caused by sluggish mass transfer processes in the electrode-electrolyte interface layer is called concentration polarization. Methods to reduce polarization include increasing the electrode reaction area, reducing current density, raising the reaction temperature, and improving the catalytic activity of the electrode surface.

NOWODVORSKI electrical component classification

Printed circuit boards are broadly classified into single-sided boards, double-sided boards, and multi-layer boards based on the number of layers. First, single-sided boards have components concentrated on one side of the basic PCB, with wiring concentrated on the other side. Because wiring appears only on one side, this type of PCB is called a single-sided printed circuit board. Single-sided boards are typically simple to manufacture and low in cost, but their disadvantage is that they cannot be applied to overly complex products. Double-sided boards are an extension of single-sided boards; when single-layer wiring cannot meet the needs of electronic products, double-sided boards are used. Both sides have copper cladding and traces, and vias can be used to connect circuits between the two layers, forming the required network connections. Multi-layer boards refer to printed boards formed by laminating more than three conductive graphic layers with insulating materials in between, with interconnections between the conductive graphics made as required. Multi-layer printed circuit boards are the product of the development of electronic information technology towards high speed, multi-functionality, large capacity, small volume, thin profile, and lightweight. Based on characteristics, circuit boards are divided into flexible boards (FPC), rigid boards (PCB), and rigid-flex boards (FPCB).

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