pfannenberg electrical components Germany pfannenberg model pfannenberg price

pfannenberg electrical components are resistive devices with nonlinear voltage-current characteristics, primarily used for voltage clamping when circuits experience overvoltage, absorbing excess current to protect sensitive components. The resistive body material of varistors is semiconductor, making them a type of semiconductor resistor. The widely used "zinc oxide" varistor has a main body composed of divalent zinc and hexavalent oxygen. Therefore, from a materials perspective, zinc oxide varistors are a type of "II-VI group oxide semiconductor". In Taiwan, China, varistors are called "surge absorbers", sometimes also referred to as "electric shock (surge) suppressors (absorbers)". Varistors are voltage-limiting protection devices. Utilizing the nonlinear characteristics of varistors, when overvoltage appears across the two poles of a varistor, it can clamp the voltage to a relatively fixed value, thereby protecting downstream circuits. Main parameters of varistors include: varistor voltage, current handling capacity, junction capacitance, response time, etc. The response time of varistors is in the ns range, faster than gas discharge tubes, but slightly slower than TVS tubes. Generally, their response speed meets the requirements for overvoltage protection in electronic circuits. The junction capacitance of varistors is typically in the range of hundreds to thousands of Pf, making them unsuitable for direct application in high-frequency signal line protection in many cases. When applied in AC circuit protection, their larger junction capacitance increases leakage current, which must be fully considered in protection circuit design. Varistors have a large current handling capacity, but smaller than that of gas discharge tubes. Varistors are abbreviated as VDR, and are voltage-sensitive nonlinear overvoltage protection semiconductor components.

pfannenberg electrical component principle

It is a contactless switching device with relay characteristics, using semiconductor devices to replace traditional electrical contacts as switching elements. Single-phase solid-state relays are four-terminal active devices, with two input control terminals and two output terminals. Input and output are optically isolated. When a DC or pulse signal is applied to the input terminal reaching a certain current value, the output terminal switches from off-state to on-state. AC solid-state relays are classified by switching method into zero-crossing conduction type and random conduction type; by output switching element into triac output type and anti-parallel SCR type. By installation method, they are classified into pin-type for printed circuit boards and chassis-mounted type fixed on metal baseplates. Solid-state relays are classified by triggering form into zero-voltage type and phase-control type.

pfannenberg electrical component parameters

Key technical parameters of solid-state relays include: input voltage range, input current, turn-on voltage, turn-off voltage, reverse polarity voltage, rated output current, rated output voltage, output voltage, output leakage current, turn-on time, turn-off time, zero-crossing voltage, maximum surge voltage, electrical system peak, voltage rate of rise, operating temperature, ambient temperature range, dielectric withstand voltage, insulation resistance, electrical system peak, turn-off time, conduction time, output terminal leakage current, maximum on-state voltage transient overvoltage, maximum zero-crossing conduction voltage, power consumption, maximum surge current, minimum load current, maximum load current, output voltage range, minimum input impedance, reverse polarity voltage, input current, guaranteed turn-off voltage, guaranteed turn-on voltage, input voltage range.

pfannenberg electrical component classification

(1) point-contact diodes have a small PN junction contact area, cannot handle large forward currents or withstand high reverse voltages, but offer good high-frequency performance, suitable for use in high-frequency detection and switching circuits. (2) surface-contact diodes have a large PN junction contact area, can handle larger currents and withstand higher reverse voltages, suitable for use in rectifier circuits. (3) planar diodes have a small PN junction area when used as switching transistors in pulse digital circuits, and a larger PN junction area for high-power rectification. (4) Zener diodes are a special type of surface-contact semiconductor silicon diode, providing voltage stabilization. The main difference between Zener diodes and ordinary diodes is that Zener diodes operate in the reverse breakdown state of the PN junction. Through manufacturing process measures and limiting reverse current during use, it is ensured that Zener diodes will not be damaged by overheating in the reverse breakdown state. Unlike general diodes, their reverse breakdown is reversible; as long as the current does not exceed the allowable value, the PN junction will not overheat and fail. When the external reverse voltage is removed, the Zener diode restores its original performance, so it has good repetitive breakdown characteristics. (5) Photodiodes, also known as photosensitive diodes, have a glass window on their casing to accept light. Their characteristic is that when light irradiates the PN junction, electron-hole pairs are generated, increasing the concentration of minority carriers in the semiconductor. Under a certain reverse bias voltage, this increases the reverse current. Therefore, the reverse current increases linearly with light intensity. Without light, the voltage-current characteristics of photodiodes are similar to ordinary diodes. As light-controlled components, photodiodes can be used for object detection, photoelectric control, automatic alarms, etc. When made into large-area photodiodes, they can serve as an energy source called solar cells. In this case, no external power supply is needed, as they directly convert light energy into electrical energy. (6) Light-emitting diodes are semiconductor solid-state display devices that directly convert electrical energy into light energy, abbreviated as LED. Similar to ordinary diodes, light-emitting diodes are also formed by a PN junction. The PN junction of an LED is encapsulated in a transparent plastic shell, with shapes such as square, rectangular, and circular. LEDs have advantages such as low drive voltage, small operating current, strong vibration and shock resistance, small size, high reliability, low power consumption, and long life, widely used in signal indication circuits. In electronic technology, commonly used numeric displays operate on the opposite principle to photodiodes. When an LED is forward-biased and current flows, it emits light due to energy release from direct recombination of electrons and holes. Its spectral range is relatively narrow, with wavelength determined by the base material used.

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