pizzato electrical components Germany pizzato model pizzato price

pizzato electrical components are a new type of contactless switching device composed entirely of solid-state electronic components. It utilizes the switching characteristics of electronic components (such as switching transistors, triacs, and other semiconductor devices) to achieve contactless and spark-free connection and disconnection of circuits, hence it is also called a "contactless switch". A solid-state relay is a four-terminal active device, where two terminals are input control terminals and the other two are output controlled terminals. It has both amplification drive function and isolation function, making it very suitable for driving high-power switching actuators. Compared to electromagnetic relays, it offers higher reliability, is contactless, has a long service life, fast speed, and low external interference, and has been widely used [1].

pizzato electrical component parameters

1. Nominal varistor voltage: refers to the voltage value across the varistor when a pulse current of specified duration passes through. 2. Voltage ratio: refers to the ratio of the voltage generated by the current in the varistor to the voltage generated by the current in the varistor. 3. Maximum limiting voltage: the peak voltage across the varistor under the maximum pulse peak current Ip that the varistor can withstand and under the specified waveform. 4. Residual voltage ratio: when the current passing through the varistor is a certain value, the voltage generated across it is called the residual voltage for that current value. The residual voltage ratio is the ratio of residual voltage to nominal voltage. 5. Surge current capacity: Surge current capacity, also known as surge current, refers to the maximum pulse current value allowed to pass through the varistor under specified conditions. 6. Leakage current: Leakage current, also known as standby current, refers to the current flowing through the varistor at a specified temperature and maximum DC voltage. 7. Voltage temperature coefficient: refers to the rate of change of the nominal voltage of the varistor within a specified temperature range, i.e., the relative change in voltage across the varistor when the temperature changes while the current through the varistor remains constant. 8. Current temperature coefficient: refers to the relative change in current flowing through the varistor when the temperature changes while the voltage across the varistor remains constant. 9. Voltage nonlinearity coefficient: refers to the ratio of the static resistance value to the dynamic resistance value of the varistor under a given applied voltage. 10. Insulation resistance: refers to the resistance value between the lead wires of the varistor and the insulating surface of the resistor body. 11. Static capacitance: refers to the inherent capacitance of the varistor itself. 12. Rated power: the maximum power that causes a change in varistor voltage when operating at a specific ambient temperature. 20. Maximum impulse current: the maximum impulse current that causes a change in varistor voltage when the varistor is subjected to a specific pulse current impact once or twice.

pizzato electrical component principle

A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts optical signals into electrical signals. Its core part is also a PN junction. Compared with ordinary diodes, the structural difference is that, to facilitate the reception of incident light, the PN junction area is made as large as possible, the electrode area is made as small as possible, and the junction depth of the PN junction is very shallow, generally less than 9 micrometers. Photodiodes operate under reverse voltage. When there is no light, the reverse current is very small, called dark current. When there is light, photons carrying energy enter the PN junction and transfer energy to bound electrons on covalent bonds, causing some electrons to break free from covalent bonds, thereby generating electron-hole pairs, called photo-generated carriers. They participate in drift motion under the action of reverse voltage, significantly increasing the reverse current; the greater the light intensity, the greater the reverse current. This characteristic is called "photoconductivity". The current generated by a photodiode under general illumination is called photocurrent. If a load is connected to the external circuit, the load receives an electrical signal, and this electrical signal changes correspondingly with the light. Photodiodes are widely used photosensitive devices in electronic circuits. Like ordinary diodes, photodiodes have a PN junction. The difference is that the photodiode housing has a transparent window to receive light irradiation, achieving photoelectric conversion. In circuit diagrams, the text symbol is generally VD.

pizzato electrical component structure

1. The cathode of an electron tube is the component used to emit electrons, divided into oxide cathodes and thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes. Generally, oxide cathodes are indirectly heated; they use a dedicated filament to heat the cathode body coated with barium oxide, etc., for thermionic emission. Thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes are generally directly heated; thermionic emission is produced by heating, so it serves as both the filament and the cathode. Theoretically, thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes have a much longer lifespan than oxide cathodes. Thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes are most widely used in high-power transmitting tubes, while oxide cathodes are generally used in transmitting tubes with an output power below 1kW. Mesh cathodes are made into cylindrical shapes using thinner thoriated tungsten wires. Their advantages are: (1) Since they are woven from many thoriated tungsten wires, the permeance is relatively large. (2) It is easy to achieve a smaller cathode-grid spacing, which helps improve transconductance. (3) Since the filament has a mesh structure, the current in each single filament is small, the local magnetic field is weak, and thus the AC hum generated by the cathode current is also small. 2. The grids of electron tubes are divided into first grid and second grid according to their different roles in the tube, sometimes also called control grid and screen grid. The main role of the first grid is to control the cathode current, and the role of the second grid is to shield the influence of the plate on the first grid. The grid structure relates to its own mechanical strength and heat dissipation effect, and relates to whether the tube can work stably. To reduce electron transit time, the grid-cathode spacing is made very short, even less than 1mm, so manufacturers mostly use materials with high mechanical strength, high thermal conductivity, good radiation coefficient, and high melting point to make the grids, to avoid thermal short-circuiting at very small spacings. The first grid and second grid should be strictly aligned, so that the screen grid interception of electrons is small, reducing screen grid dissipation, improving current distribution and linearity. 7. The anode of an electron tube is the electrode that collects most of the electrons emitted by the cathode. When the electron tube is working, due to electron bombardment of the plate surface and thermal radiation from other electrodes, a large amount of heat energy is generated at the plate. Because the power dissipation density of the plate is tens to hundreds of watts per square centimeter, natural radiation or conduction cooling is no longer sufficient for such high power density. Therefore, forced cooling methods must be adopted. Common methods include air cooling, water cooling, and evaporative cooling.

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