POLYPROFIL electrical components Germany POLYPROFIL model POLYPROFIL price

POLYPROFIL electrical components refer to an electronic component that can open a circuit, interrupt current flow, or direct it to another circuit. The most common switches are electromechanical devices operated by humans, featuring one or more electrical contacts. "Closed" contacts indicate that the electrical contact is conductive, allowing current to flow; "open" switch status indicates that the electrical contact is non-conductive, forming an open circuit and preventing current flow. The simplest switch consists of two metal pieces called "contacts"; when the two contacts touch, they complete the current loop, and when they do not touch, the current path is open. When selecting contact metals, their corrosion resistance must be considered, as most metals form insulating oxides after oxidation, preventing normal contact operation. Selection of contact metals must also consider factors such as electrical conductivity, hardness, mechanical strength, cost, and toxicity. Contacts are sometimes plated with corrosion-resistant metals. Plating is generally applied to the contact surface to prevent performance degradation due to oxides. Sometimes non-metallic conductive materials, such as conductive plastics, are used for contact surfaces. In addition to contacts, switches contain moving parts that make or break the connection. Switches can be classified into toggle switches, push-button switches, rocker switches, etc., based on the type of moving part, and the moving part can also be other types of mechanical linkages.

POLYPROFIL electrical component classification

Thermosensitive materials are generally classified into three categories: semiconductors, metals, and alloys: 1. Semiconductor thermistor materials include single-crystal semiconductors, polycrystalline semiconductors, glass semiconductors, organic semiconductors, and metal oxides. They all have very large temperature coefficients of resistance and high resistivity, resulting in high sensitivity for sensors made from them. Based on the temperature coefficient of resistance, they can also be divided into negative temperature coefficient (NTC) materials and positive temperature coefficient (PTC) materials. For example, barium titanate ceramic is an ideal PTC semiconductor material. Both types of materials are widely used in temperature measurement, temperature control, temperature compensation, switching circuits, overload protection, and time delay applications, such as in the manufacture of thermistor thermometers, thermistor switches, and thermistor delay relays. Due to the exponential relationship between resistance and temperature, these materials have a narrow temperature measurement range and poor uniformity. 2. Metal thermistor materials are widely used as thermal resistors for temperature measurement, current limiters, and automatic constant-temperature heating elements. Examples include platinum resistance thermometers, nickel resistance thermometers, and copper resistance thermometers. Among them, platinum temperature sensors exhibit high precision and high stability in various media (including corrosive media). However, their widespread application is limited by the scarcity and high price of platinum. Copper temperature sensors are cheaper, but long-term use in corrosive media can lead to significant changes in static characteristics and resistance values. Nickel temperature sensors are widely used abroad and are considered ideal materials due to their high sensitivity, satisfactory reproducibility, and stability. 3. Alloy thermistor materials, also known as thermistor alloys. This alloy has high resistivity, and its resistance value is sensitive to temperature changes, making it a good material for manufacturing temperature-sensitive sensors. The performance requirements for thermistor alloys as temperature-sensitive sensors are as follows: (1) sufficiently high resistivity; (2) relatively high temperature coefficient of resistance; (3) linear expansion coefficient close to that of the experimental material; (4) low strain sensitivity coefficient; (5) good repeatability of the resistance-temperature curve during heating and cooling within the operating temperature range.

POLYPROFIL electrical component classification

1. By application: pressure-sensitive and force-sensitive sensors, position sensors, level sensors, energy consumption sensors, speed sensors, acceleration sensors, radiation sensors, thermosensitive sensors. 2. By principle: vibration sensors, humidity-sensitive sensors, magnetic-sensitive sensors, gas-sensitive sensors, vacuum sensors, biosensors, etc. 3. By output signal: (1) Analog sensors convert the measured non-electrical quantity into an analog electrical signal. (2) Digital sensors: convert the measured non-electrical quantity into a digital output signal (including direct and indirect conversion). (3) Quasi-digital sensors: convert the measured signal quantity into a frequency signal or short-period signal output (including direct or indirect conversion). (4) Switch sensors: when a measured signal reaches a specific threshold, the sensor outputs a set low-level or high-level signal accordingly. 4. By manufacturing process: Integrated sensors are manufactured using standard production processes for silicon-based semiconductor integrated circuits. Usually, part of the circuit for preliminary processing of the measured signal is also integrated on the same chip. Thin-film sensors are formed by depositing a thin film of the corresponding sensitive material on a dielectric substrate (base plate). When using hybrid processes, part of the circuit can also be fabricated on this substrate. Thick-film sensors are made by coating a slurry of the corresponding material onto a ceramic substrate, usually made of alumina, followed by heat treatment to form the thick film. Ceramic sensors are produced using standard ceramic processes or variants thereof (sol-gel, etc.). After appropriate preparatory operations, the formed elements are sintered at high temperatures. There are many common characteristics between thick-film and ceramic sensor processes; in some aspects, thick-film technology can be considered a variant of ceramic technology. Each process technology has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is reasonable to use ceramic and thick-film sensors due to the lower capital investment required for research, development, and production, as well as the high stability of sensor parameters. 5. By measurement objective: Physical sensors are made using characteristics where certain physical properties of the measured substance undergo significant changes. Chemical sensors are made using sensitive elements that can convert chemical quantities such as composition and concentration of chemical substances into electrical quantities. Biological sensors are made using various biological or biomaterial characteristics to detect and identify chemical components in biological bodies. 6. By structure: (1) Basic sensors are the most fundamental single transformation devices. (2) Combined sensors are sensors composed of different single transformation devices. (3) Application-specific sensors are sensors composed of basic or combined sensors combined with other mechanisms. 9. By mode of action: Sensors can be divided into active and passive types based on their mode of action. Active sensors include actuating and reaction types. Such sensors emit a certain detection signal to the object under test, detect changes produced in the object by the detection signal, or form a signal by generating an effect in the object via the detection signal. Those detecting changes in the detection signal are called actuating types, while those detecting responses to form signals are called reaction types. Radar and radio frequency detectors are examples of actuating types, while photoacoustic effect analysis devices and laser analyzers are examples of reaction types. Passive sensors only receive signals generated by the object itself, such as infrared radiation thermometers and infrared imaging devices.

POLYPROFIL electrical component characteristics

Under normal circumstances, the actual static characteristic output of a sensor is a curve rather than a straight line. In practical work, to enable instruments to have uniformly scaled readings, a fitted straight line is often used to approximately represent the actual characteristic curve. Linearity (non-linear error) is a performance indicator of this degree of approximation. There are various methods for selecting the fitted straight line. For example, the theoretical straight line connecting the zero input and full-scale output points can be used as the fitted line; or the theoretical straight line with the minimum sum of squared deviations from each point on the characteristic curve can be used, known as the least squares fit line.

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