psiber data electrical components German psiber data models psiber data prices

psiber data electrical components are surge absorbers/varistor assemblies. Due to their nonlinear resistance change with voltage, they exhibit symmetry in both directions (positive and negative). They respond to abnormal voltages on the line, absorbing most of the surge/spike energy while suppressing the abnormal voltage to a safe range, thereby improving line safety and stability. In the standby state, the surge absorber (varistor) has very high impedance (several megaohms) relative to the protected electronic components and does not affect the characteristics of the original circuit design. However, when an instantaneous surge voltage appears (exceeding the breakdown voltage of the surge absorber), the impedance of the surge absorber drops low (only a few ohms), causing a short circuit in the line, thereby protecting electronic products or more expensive components.

psiber data electrical component applications

Thermistors can also be used as electronic circuit components for temperature compensation in instrument circuits and cold-junction temperature compensation for thermocouples. Utilizing the self-heating characteristic of NTC thermistors enables automatic gain control, forming RC oscillator amplitude-stabilizing circuits, delay circuits, and protection circuits. When the self-heating temperature is much higher than the ambient temperature, the resistance is also related to the heat dissipation conditions of the environment. Therefore, this characteristic of thermistors is often utilized in flow meters, gas analyzers, and thermal conductivity analysis to create specialized detection elements. PTC thermistors are mainly used for overheat protection of electrical equipment, contactless relays, constant temperature control, automatic gain control, motor starting, time delay, automatic degaussing in color TVs, fire alarms, and temperature compensation. Main disadvantages: (1) The relationship between resistance and temperature is severely nonlinear; (2) Poor consistency and interchangeability of components; (3) Components are prone to aging and have poor stability; (4) Except for special high-temperature thermistors, most thermistors are only suitable for the 0 to 152 °C range, which must be noted during use.

psiber data electrical component types

(1) Electron tubes can be classified into voltage amplifier tubes, power amplifier tubes, gas-filled tubes, thyratrons, ignitrons, frequency converter tubes, rectifier tubes, detector tubes, tuning indicator tubes (magic eye), voltage regulator tubes, etc., according to their different applications. (2) Electron tubes can be classified into voltage amplifier tubes, triodes, tetrodes, pentodes, hexodes, heptodes, octodes, nonodes, and composite tubes, etc., according to the different number of electrodes. Tubes with more than three electrodes are also called multi-electrode tubes or multi-grid tubes. (3) Electron tubes can be classified into bottle-shaped glass tubes (ST tubes), "acorn" tubes, cylindrical glass tubes (GT tubes), large glass tubes (G type tubes), metal-ceramic tubes, miniature tubes (also called peanut tubes or finger-shaped tubes, MT tubes), tower tubes (lighthouse tubes), subminiature tubes (pencil-shaped tubes), and other types according to their shape and envelope material. (4) Electron tubes can be classified into single diodes, diodes, double-diode triodes, double diodes, single triodes, power pentodes, beam tetrodes, beam pentodes, dual diodes, diode-pentode composite tubes, beam tetrodes, triode-pentode composite tubes, triode-hexode composite tubes, triode-heptode composite tubes, and beam power tubes, etc., according to their internal structure. (5) Electron tubes can be classified into directly heated cathode electron tubes (current passes directly through the cathode to bring it to thermionic emission state) and indirectly heated cathode electron tubes (the cathode is heated by a filament next to it) according to the heating method of the cathode. (6) Electron tubes can be classified into sharp-cutoff shielded electron tubes and remote-cutoff shielded electron tubes according to the shielding method. (7) Electron tubes can be classified into water-cooled electron tubes, air-cooled electron tubes, and natural convection-cooled electron tubes according to the cooling method.

psiber data electrical component principles

When two ends of two conductors with different compositions (called thermocouple wires or thermoelectrodes) are joined to form a loop, an electromotive force is generated in the loop when the temperatures at the two junctions are different. This phenomenon is called the thermoelectric effect, and this electromotive force is called thermoelectric potential. Thermocouples use this principle for temperature measurement. The end directly used to measure the temperature of the medium is called the hot end (also called the measuring end), and the other end is called the cold end (also called the compensation end). The cold end is connected to a display instrument or matching instrument, which indicates the thermoelectric potential generated by the thermocouple. A thermocouple is actually an energy converter that converts thermal energy into electrical energy and uses the generated thermoelectric potential to measure temperature. Regarding the thermoelectric potential of thermocouples, attention should be paid to the following issues: 1 The thermoelectric potential of a thermocouple is the difference between the functions of the temperatures at the two ends of the hot end of the thermocouple, not a function of the temperature difference between the cold end and the hot end of the thermocouple; 2 When the thermocouple material is uniform, the magnitude of the thermoelectric potential generated by the thermocouple is independent of the length and diameter of the thermocouple, and depends only on the composition of the thermocouple material and the temperature difference between the two ends; 3 When the material composition of the two thermocouple wires is determined, the magnitude of the thermoelectric potential depends only on the temperature difference of the thermocouple; if the temperature of the cold end of the thermocouple is kept constant, the thermoelectric potential of the thermocouple is then a single-valued function of the hot end temperature. Weld two conductors or semiconductors of different materials, A and B, together to form a closed loop, as shown in the figure. When there is a temperature difference between the two junction points 1 and 6 of conductors A and B, an electromotive force is generated between them, thus forming a current of a certain magnitude in the loop. Thermocouples work by utilizing this effect.

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