Reichelt Elektronik electrical components Germany Reichelt Elektronik models Reichelt Elektronik prices

Reichelt Elektronik electrical components are linear devices based on metallic induction. The function of a sensor is to convert various measured physical quantities into electrical signals. In production processes, displacement measurement is generally divided into two types: measuring physical dimensions and measuring mechanical displacement. Depending on the form of transformation of the measured variable, displacement sensors can be classified into analog and digital types. Analog types can be further divided into property-based and structural types. Commonly used displacement sensors are mostly analog structural types, including potentiometric displacement sensors, inductive displacement sensors, synchros, capacitive displacement sensors, eddy current displacement sensors, Hall effect displacement sensors, etc. An important advantage of digital displacement sensors is that they facilitate direct input of signals into computer systems. Displacement is a quantity related to the movement of an object's position during motion, and the scope of displacement measurement methods is quite extensive. Small displacements are typically detected using strain gauge, inductive, differential transformer, eddy current, and Hall sensors. Large displacements are commonly measured using sensing technologies such as resolvers, gratings, capacitive gratings, and magnetic gratings. Among these, grating sensors are increasingly widely used in industries such as machine tool processing and testing instruments due to advantages such as ease of digitization, high precision (current highest resolution can reach the nanometer level), strong anti-interference capability, absence of human reading errors, convenient installation, and reliable use.

Reichelt Elektronik electrical component principles

Based on different application purposes, various types of thermometers have been designed and manufactured. The design principles include: utilizing the thermal expansion and contraction of solids, liquids, and gases under temperature influence; the variation in pressure of gas (or vapor) at constant volume due to temperature differences; the thermoelectric effect; the variation of electrical resistance with temperature; and the influence of thermal radiation. 1. Gas thermometers: Hydrogen or helium is often used as the temperature-sensing medium because their liquefaction temperatures are very low, close to absolute zero, resulting in a wide measurement range. These thermometers offer high accuracy and are commonly used for precision measurements. 2. Resistance thermometers: Classified into metal resistance thermometers and semiconductor resistance thermometers, both are made based on the characteristic that resistance value changes with temperature. Metal thermometers mainly use pure metals such as platinum, gold, copper, and nickel, as well as rhodium-iron and phosphor bronze alloys; semiconductor thermometers mainly use carbon, germanium, etc. Resistance thermometers are convenient, reliable, and widely applied. 3. Thermocouple thermometers: A type of temperature-measuring instrument widely used in industry. They are made using the thermoelectric effect. Two different metal wires are welded together to form the measuring junction, while the other ends are connected to a measuring instrument to form a circuit. When the measuring junction is placed at the temperature to be measured, an electromotive force is generated if there is a temperature difference between the measuring junction and the reference junction, causing current to flow through the loop. By measuring electrical quantities and knowing the temperature at one point, the temperature at the other point can be determined. It is suitable for applications involving large temperature differences between two substances and is often used for high-temperature and low-temperature measurements. 4. Dial thermometers: These are dashboard-style thermometers, also known as room thermometers, used to measure ambient temperature. They are made based on the principle of thermal expansion and contraction of metals. They use a bimetallic strip as the sensing element to control the pointer. The bimetallic strip is typically made by riveting a copper strip and an iron strip together, with the copper strip on the left and the iron strip on the right. Since copper exhibits significantly more thermal expansion and contraction than iron, when the temperature rises, the copper strip pulls the iron strip to bend to the right, causing the pointer to deflect to the right (indicating high temperature); conversely, when the temperature drops, the pointer deflects to the left under the drive of the bimetallic strip. 5. Glass tube thermometers: Glass tube thermometers utilize the principle of thermal expansion and contraction to measure temperature. Due to differences in the expansion coefficients, boiling points, and freezing points of the sensing media, common glass tube thermometers mainly include kerosene thermometers, mercury thermometers, and red ink thermometers. Their advantages are simple structure, ease of use, relatively high measurement accuracy, and low cost. The disadvantages are that the measurement limits and accuracy are limited by the quality of the glass and the properties of the sensing medium. Additionally, they cannot transmit signals over long distances and are fragile. 6. Pressure thermometers: Pressure thermometers use the volume expansion or pressure change of liquid, gas, or saturated vapor in a sealed container upon heating as the measurement signal. Its basic structure consists of three parts: a temperature bulb, a capillary tube, and an indicator gauge. The advantages of pressure thermometers are: simple structure, high mechanical strength, and resistance to vibration. They are low-cost and do not require external power. The disadvantages are: limited temperature measurement range; significant heat loss and slow response time. 12. Mercury thermometers are a type of expansion thermometer and can only be used as local monitoring instruments. Using them to measure temperature is not only simple and intuitive but also avoids the errors associated with remote transmission thermometers.

Reichelt Elektronik electrical component structure

Common electrodynamic cone paper loudspeakers. Electrodynamic cone loudspeakers, formerly known as paper cone loudspeakers, still primarily use paper cones for the diaphragm, but many polymer material diaphragms and metal diaphragms have also appeared, making the term cone loudspeaker appropriate. Cone paper loudspeakers are roughly composed of three main parts: the magnetic circuit system (permanent magnet, core pole, magnetic plate), the vibration system (paper cone, voice coil), and the support auxiliary system (centering spider, basket, surround). 1. Voice coil: The voice coil is the drive unit of the cone paper loudspeaker. It is made by winding very fine copper wire in two layers around a paper tube, typically with dozens of turns, also known as a coil, and is placed in the magnetic gap formed by the magnetic core pole and the magnetic plate. The voice coil is fixed to the paper cone. When audio current signals are passed through the voice coil, its vibration drives the paper cone to vibrate. 2. Paper cone: There are many types of materials used for the conical diaphragm of cone paper loudspeakers, generally divided into natural fibers and synthetic fibers. Natural fibers often include cotton, wood, wool, silk, etc., while synthetic fibers include rayon, nylon, fiberglass, etc. Since the paper cone is the sound radiation device of the loudspeaker and largely determines its acoustic performance, any type of paper cone must be lightweight and have good rigidity, and must not deform due to changes in ambient temperature and humidity. 3. Surround: The surround is set to ensure the paper cone moves along the axial direction of the loudspeaker and restricts lateral movement, while also preventing air leakage between the front and back of the paper cone. In addition to materials commonly used for paper cones, the surround also utilizes plastics, natural rubber, etc., which are thermally bonded to the paper cone. 11. Centering spider: The centering spider supports the junction of the voice coil and the paper cone, ensuring it remains vertical and not skewed. The centering spider has many concentric rings, allowing the voice coil to move freely up and down in the magnetic gap without lateral movement, ensuring the voice coil does not touch the magnetic plate. The dust cap on the centering spider prevents external dust from falling into the magnetic gap, avoiding friction between dust and the voice coil, which could cause abnormal sounds from the loudspeaker. Generally, a loudspeaker is composed of: a magnet, frame, centering spider, molded surround, and cone paper basin.

Reichelt Elektronik electrical component principles

The main raw material for ferrite beads is ferrite. Ferrite is a ferrimagnetic material with a cubic lattice structure. Ferrite materials are iron-magnesium alloys or iron-nickel alloys; their manufacturing process and mechanical properties are similar to ceramics, and their color is gray-black. One type of magnetic core frequently used in electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters is ferrite material, and many manufacturers provide ferrite materials specifically for EMI suppression. This material is characterized by very high high-frequency losses and high permeability, which minimizes the capacitance generated between the coil windings of an inductor under high-frequency, high-impedance conditions. For ferrites used in EMI suppression, the most important performance parameters are permeability μ and saturation flux density Bs. Permeability μ can be expressed as a complex number, where the real part constitutes inductance and the imaginary part represents loss, which increases with frequency. Therefore, its equivalent circuit is a series circuit composed of inductance L and resistance R, where both L and R are functions of frequency. When a wire passes through this ferrite core, the resulting inductive impedance formally increases with frequency, but the mechanism differs completely at different frequencies. In the low-frequency range, the impedance consists of the inductive reactance of the inductor. At low frequencies, R is very small, and the core's permeability is high, resulting in large inductance. Thus, L plays the major role, and EMI is suppressed by reflection. At this stage, the core loss is small, making the entire component an inductor with low loss and high Q characteristics. Such inductors are prone to resonance, so in the low-frequency range, interference may sometimes increase after using ferrite beads. In the high-frequency range, the impedance consists of the resistive component. As frequency increases, the core's permeability decreases, leading to a reduction in inductance and inductive reactance. However, core loss increases, and the resistive component increases, leading to an increase in total impedance. When high-frequency signals pass through the ferrite, EMI is absorbed and dissipated as heat. Ferrite suppression components are widely used on printed circuit boards (PCBs), power lines, and data lines. For example, adding ferrite suppression components at the power input of a PCB can filter out high-frequency interference. Ferrite rings or beads are specifically used to suppress high-frequency interference and spike interference on signal and power lines, and they also have the ability to absorb electrostatic discharge (ESD) pulse interference. The values of these two components are proportional to the length of the bead, and the bead length has a significant impact on suppression effectiveness; the longer the bead, the better the suppression effect. Inductors can be used for power supply filtering. The circuit symbol for a ferrite bead is the same as that for an inductor, but the model number indicates that a ferrite bead is used. In terms of circuit function, ferrite beads and inductors operate on the same principle, differing only in their frequency characteristics. Ferrite beads are composed of ferrimagnetic materials. Ferrite beads present significant opposition to high-frequency signals, while their resistance is much lower than that of inductors at low frequencies. Ferrite beads are a type of anti-interference component that has seen rapid development and application; they are inexpensive, easy to use, and highly effective at filtering high-frequency noise.

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