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REO ELEKTRONIK electrical components are transducers that convert changing magnetic fields into changes in output voltage. Hall sensors are primarily used to measure magnetic fields, and can also measure physical quantities that generate and affect magnetic fields, such as in proximity switches, Hall devices, position measurement, speed measurement, and current measurement equipment. In its simplest form, the sensor acts as an analog transducer, directly returning a voltage. In a known magnetic field, its distance from the Hall plate can be set. Using multiple sensors, the relative position of the magnet can be inferred. Current through a conductor generates a magnetic field that varies with the current, and Hall effect sensors can measure current without interfering with it; typical constructions integrate the sensor with a wound magnetic core or a permanent magnet next to the conductor under test. Typically, Hall effect sensors are connected to circuits, allowing the device to operate in digital (on/off) mode, in which case they may be referred to as switches. Industrial equipment such as cylinders is also used in everyday devices; for example, some printers use them to monitor paper-out and open-cover conditions. When high reliability is required for keyboards, Hall sensors are also designed into their keys. Hall effect sensors are commonly used to measure wheel and axle speeds, such as in internal combustion engine ignition timing or tachometers. They are used in brushless DC motors to detect the position of permanent magnets. A wheel with two equidistant magnets causes the voltage on the sensor to peak twice per cycle; this setup is commonly used to calibrate disk drive speeds.

REO ELEKTRONIK electrical component principles

Microphones have evolved from initial resistive electroacoustic conversion to inductive and capacitive conversion, with many new microphone technologies gradually developing, including aluminum ribbon and moving-coil microphones, as well as the currently widely used condenser and electret microphones. The working principle of a moving-coil microphone is that human voice vibrates the diaphragm through air, and then the electromagnetic coil winding on the diaphragm cuts the magnetic field formed by the magnet surrounding the moving-coil head, generating a weak fluctuating current. The current is transmitted to the amplifier, which converts the fluctuating current back into sound through the reverse process. For ribbon microphones, the aluminum ribbon serves as both the microphone diaphragm and the conductor moving in the magnetic field. The ribbon is usually made of aluminum foil. To achieve an ideal resonant frequency, the ribbon is corrugated to maintain a precise tension value. As a conductor and microphone diaphragm, the ribbon is suspended in the magnetic field between two magnetic pole faces, vibrating with the frequency of the incident sound wave, while generating a certain voltage output at both ends of the ribbon. A condenser microphone has two metal plates, one of which is coated with an electret film and grounded, while the other plate is connected to the gate of a field-effect transistor, with a diode connected between the gate and source. The diaphragm of a condenser microphone often uses polyfluoroethylene propylene, which has good humidity performance, generates more surface charge, and is less affected by humidity. Since this transducer also has a capacitive structure with high internal signal resistance, its output must also use a field-effect transistor to extract and amplify the voltage signal generated by sound.

REO ELEKTRONIK electrical component structure

A bipolar junction transistor is made by fabricating two closely spaced PN junctions on a semiconductor substrate. These two PN junctions divide the entire semiconductor into three parts: the middle part is the base region, and the two side parts are the emitter and collector regions. There are two arrangement types: PNP and NPN. Corresponding electrodes are led out from the three regions, namely the base b, emitter e, and collector c. The PN junction between the emitter and base regions is called the emitter junction, and the PN junction between the collector and base regions is called the collector junction. The base region is very thin, while the emitter region is thicker with a high impurity concentration. In a PNP type transistor, the emitter "emits" holes, whose movement direction is consistent with the current direction, so the emitter arrow points inward; in a NPN type transistor, the emitter "emits" free electrons, whose movement direction is opposite to the current direction, so the emitter arrow points outward. The direction of the emitter arrow also indicates the conduction direction of the PN junction under forward voltage. Both silicon and germanium bipolar transistors come in PNP and NPN types. Transistor package forms and pin identification: Common transistor packages fall into two main categories: metal and plastic. Pin arrangements follow certain patterns. When viewed from the bottom with the three pins forming the vertices of an isosceles triangle, the order from left to right is e b c; for small and medium-power plastic transistors, orient the flat side toward you with the three pins facing down, and the order from left to right is e b c.

REO ELEKTRONIK electrical component classification

(1) Based on structural differences, they are divided into full-availability trunks, partial-availability trunks, and link systems; based on service methods, they are divided into loss-system trunks and waiting-system trunks (see random service systems); based on the number of traffic sources served, they are divided into infinite-source trunks and finite-source trunks. In telecommunications systems, equipment directly used for communication between users is mostly infinite-source loss-system full-availability link systems, while equipment used to control the connection process of communication devices is mostly infinite-source waiting-system full-availability systems. When the number of traffic sources is not large relative to the trunk capacity, finite-source full-availability systems or partial-availability systems are generally adopted. Based on the calling behavior of traffic sources, i.e., whether users make new call attempts after a failed call, trunks can be divided into repeated-call systems and non-repeated-call systems. Actual communication systems all involve repeated calls; non-repeated-call systems are an approximation of repeated-call systems. Full-availability trunks. If any service device (trunk line or key) in the trunk can be used by any traffic source in the group it serves, such a trunk is called a full-availability trunk. (2) Partial-availability trunks. If any traffic source in the group can only use part of the service devices in the trunk, such a trunk is called a partial-availability trunk. Partial-availability trunks divide the traffic source group into several subgroups, performing graded multiple interconnection between the outgoing lines of the traffic groups. This structure can be described by the example shown in the figure below.

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