Santerno electrical components Germany Santerno model Santerno price

Santerno electrical components are specifically designed to suppress high-frequency noise and spike interference on signal lines and power lines, and also have the ability to absorb electrostatic pulses. Ferrite beads are used to absorb ultra-high-frequency signals. For example, some RF circuits, PLL, oscillator circuits, and circuits containing ultra-high-frequency memory (DDR SDRAM, RAMBUS, etc.) all require ferrite beads at the power input. Inductors are energy storage components used in LC oscillator circuits, medium and low-frequency filter circuits, etc., and their application frequency range rarely exceeds 50MHZ. Ferrite beads have high resistivity and permeability, equivalent to a resistor and inductor in series, but both resistance and inductance vary with frequency.

Santerno electrical component principles

Microphones have evolved from initial resistive electro-acoustic conversion to inductive and capacitive conversion. Many new microphone technologies have gradually developed, including aluminum ribbon moving-coil microphones, as well as the currently widely used condenser microphones and electret microphones. The working principle of a moving-coil microphone is that human voice causes the diaphragm to vibrate through the air, and then the electromagnetic coil winding on the diaphragm cuts the magnetic field formed by the magnet surrounding the moving-coil head, generating a weak fluctuating current. The current is transmitted to the amplifier, which converts the fluctuating current back into sound through the reverse process. For ribbon microphones, the aluminum ribbon serves as both the microphone diaphragm and the conductor moving in the magnetic field. The ribbon is usually made of aluminum foil. To achieve an ideal resonant frequency, the ribbon is corrugated to maintain a precise tension value. As a conductor and microphone diaphragm, the ribbon is suspended in the magnetic field between two magnetic poles, vibrating with the frequency of the incident sound wave, while generating a certain voltage output at both ends of the ribbon. A condenser microphone has two metal plates, one of which is coated with an electret film and grounded, and the other plate is connected to the gate of a field-effect transistor. A diode is connected between the gate and the source. The diaphragm of a condenser microphone is mostly made of polyfluoroethylene propylene, which has good humidity performance, generates more surface charge, and is less affected by humidity. Since this transducer also has a capacitive structure with high internal signal resistance, its output terminal must also use a field-effect transistor to extract and amplify the voltage signal generated by sound.

Santerno electrical component parameters

(1) Nominal capacitance is the capacitance marked on the capacitor. However, there is a deviation between the actual capacitance of the capacitor and the nominal capacitance. The accuracy class corresponds to the allowable error. General capacitors commonly use classes I, II, and III, while electrolytic capacitors use classes IV, V, and VI to indicate capacitance accuracy, selected according to the application. The capacitance value of an electrolytic capacitor depends on the impedance presented when operating under AC voltage. The capacitance value changes with changes in operating frequency, temperature, voltage, and measurement method. The unit of capacitance is F (Farad). Since a capacitor is a "container" for storing charge, there is the issue of "capacity" size. To measure the ability of a capacitor to store charge, the physical quantity of capacitance is defined. A capacitor can only store charge under the action of an applied voltage. Different capacitors may store different amounts of charge under voltage action. Internationally, it is uniformly specified that when a DC voltage of 1 volts is applied to a capacitor, the amount of charge it can store is the capacitance of that capacitor (i.e., the charge per unit voltage), represented by the letter C. The basic unit of capacitance is the Farad (F). (2) Rated voltage is the maximum DC voltage that can be continuously applied to the capacitor at the minimum and rated ambient temperatures. If the operating voltage exceeds the withstand voltage of the capacitor, the capacitor will break down and be damaged. In practice, as the temperature rises, the withstand voltage will decrease. (3) Insulation resistance. When DC voltage is applied to a capacitor, leakage current is generated. The ratio of the two is called insulation resistance. When the capacitor is small, its value mainly depends on the surface state of the capacitor. Generally, the larger the insulation resistance, the better. (4) Loss. The energy consumed by heat generation per unit time under the action of an electric field is called loss. Loss is related to frequency range, dielectric, conductivity, resistance of the metal parts of the capacitor, etc. (14) Frequency characteristics. As the frequency increases, the capacitance of general capacitors shows a downward trend. When the capacitor operates below the resonant frequency, it behaves capacitively; when it exceeds its resonant frequency, it behaves inductively, at which point it is no longer a capacitor but an inductor. Therefore, it is essential to avoid operating the capacitor above the resonant frequency.

Santerno electrical component principles

When a high-frequency current flows through a conductor, an electric field and a magnetic field are generated in the surrounding space. According to the distribution characteristics of the electromagnetic field in space, it can be divided into the near field, intermediate field, and far field. Let R be the distance from a point in space to the conductor. The region where R ﹤﹤ λ/2π is called the near field, where the electromagnetic field is closely related to the current and voltage in the conductor. The region where R﹥﹥λ/2π is called the far field, where the electromagnetic field can leave the conductor and propagate into space. Its changes lag behind the current and voltage on the conductor for a period of time, and the propagated electromagnetic waves are no longer directly related to the current and voltage on the wire. The electromagnetic field in this region is called the radiation field. It must be pointed out that when the length of the wire L is much smaller than the wavelength λ, the radiation is very weak; when the length of the wire L increases to be comparable to the wavelength, the current on the wire will increase significantly, thus forming stronger radiation. Transmitting antennas utilize this property of the radiation field to allow the transmitted signal to radiate fully into space after passing through the transmitting antenna. How to make a conductor an effective radiating system? Here we first analyze the situation on the transmission line. On a parallel two-wire transmission line, to ensure only energy transmission without radiation, it is necessary to ensure that the two-wire structure is symmetrical, the current magnitude and direction at corresponding points on the line are opposite, and the distance between the two wires<π. To effectively radiate the electromagnetic field, this symmetry of the transmission line must be broken. For example, separating the two conductors at a certain angle or removing one side can destroy the conductor symmetry and produce radiation. Separating the open-circuit transmission or the conductor at a distance of π/4 from the terminal into a straight shape, the current on the terminal conductor is no longer anti-phase but in-phase, so that the radiation fields of this segment of the conductor at spatial points superimpose in phase, constituting an effective radiation system. This is the simplest and most basic unit antenna, called a half-wave symmetric dipole antenna, with a characteristic impedance of 78Ω. After the electromagnetic waves are radiated from the transmitting antenna, they propagate in all directions. If a symmetric dipole is placed in the direction of electromagnetic wave propagation, an induced electromotive force will be generated on the antenna dipole under the action of the electromagnetic waves. If the antenna is connected to the receiving equipment at this time, a high-frequency current will be generated at the input end of the receiving equipment. In this way, the antenna plays a receiving role and converts electromagnetic waves into high-frequency current, meaning that the antenna acts as a receiving antenna. The quality of reception depends not only on the strength of the radio waves but also on the directivity of the antenna and the matching between the half-wave symmetric dipole and the receiving equipment.

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