Santon electrical components Germany Santon model Santon price

Santon electrical components are linear devices based on metallic induction. The function of a sensor is to convert various measured physical quantities into electrical signals. In production processes, displacement measurement is generally divided into two types: measuring physical dimensions and measuring mechanical displacement. Depending on the form of transformation of the measured variable, displacement sensors can be classified into analog and digital types. Analog types can be further divided into property-based and structural types. Commonly used displacement sensors are mostly analog structural types, including potentiometric displacement sensors, inductive displacement sensors, synchros, capacitive displacement sensors, eddy current displacement sensors, and Hall effect displacement sensors. An important advantage of digital displacement sensors is that they facilitate direct input of signals into computer systems. Displacement is a quantity related to the movement of an object's position during motion, and the scope of displacement measurement methods is quite extensive. Small displacements are typically detected using strain gauge, inductive, differential transformer, eddy current, and Hall sensors. Large displacements are commonly measured using sensing technologies such as inductosyns, gratings, capacitive grids, and magnetic grids. Among these, grating sensors are increasingly widely used in industries such as machine tool machining and testing instruments due to advantages such as ease of digitization, high precision (current highest resolution can reach the nanometer level), strong anti-interference capability, absence of human reading errors, convenient installation, and reliable use.

Santon electrical component classification

1, fuse resistors: also known as fusing resistors, they serve the dual function of a resistor and a fuse under normal conditions. When a circuit fault causes their power to exceed the rated power, they blow like a fuse, disconnecting the connected circuit. Fuse resistors generally have low resistance values and low power ratings. 6, sensitive resistors: refer to resistors whose resistance values are sensitive to certain physical quantities (such as temperature, humidity, light, voltage, mechanical force, and gas concentration). When these physical quantities change, the resistance of the sensitive resistor changes accordingly, presenting different resistance values. Based on sensitivity to different physical quantities, sensitive resistors can be classified into thermistors, humidity-sensitive resistors, photoresistors, varistors, force-sensitive resistors, magnetoresistors, and gas-sensitive resistors. The materials used for sensitive resistors are almost all semiconductor materials, so these resistors are also called semiconductor resistors. The resistance of a thermistor changes with temperature; a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor shows decreased resistance as temperature rises. NTC thermistors are widely used and can be further divided into general-purpose NTC thermistors, voltage-stabilizing NTC thermistors, and temperature-measuring NTC thermistors. A photoresistor's resistance changes with the intensity of incident light; when incident light increases, the resistance of the photoresistor decreases, and when incident light weakens, the resistance increases.

Santon electrical component classification

Plug-in fuses are commonly used at the end of lines for short-circuit protection of distribution branch circuits or electrical equipment. Screw-type fuses have a fuse indicator on the upper cap of the fuse element. Once the fuse element blows, the indicator pops out immediately and can be observed through the glass hole on the ceramic cap. They are commonly used in machine tool electrical control equipment. Screw-type fuses. Enclosed fuses are divided into filled fuses and unfilled fuses. Filled fuses generally use square ceramic tubes containing quartz sand and the fuse element, offering high breaking capacity. Unfilled enclosed fuses enclose the fuse element in a sealed cylinder, resulting in slightly lower breaking capacity. Fast-acting fuses are mainly used for short-circuit protection of semiconductor rectifier elements or rectifier units. Since semiconductor components have very low overload capacity and can only withstand large overload currents for extremely short periods, short-circuit protection requires fast-blowing capability. The structure of fast-acting fuses is basically the same as that of filled enclosed fuses, but the fuse element material and shape differ. It uses a silver strip stamped with a V-shaped deep groove and variable cross-section. Fast-acting fuses are commonly referred to as "fast fuses" and are characterized by fast blowing speed, high rated current, strong breaking capacity, stable current-limiting characteristics, and small size. Self-resetting fuses use sodium metal as the fuse element, which has high electrical conductivity at room temperature. When a short-circuit fault occurs in the circuit, the short-circuit current generates high temperature, causing the sodium to vaporize rapidly. The gaseous sodium presents a high-resistance state, thereby limiting the short-circuit current. After the short-circuit current disappears and the temperature drops, the sodium metal restores its original good conductivity. Self-resetting fuses can only limit short-circuit current and cannot truly disconnect the circuit. Their advantage is that the fuse element does not need to be replaced, allowing for repeated use.

Santon electrical component applications

Metal waveguides and metal resonant cavities are widely used in the decimeter, centimeter, and longer millimeter wave bands. Since the cross-section of the waveguide and the dimensions of the resonant cavity are close to the wavelength, the dimensions of metal waveguides and resonant cavities are too small and difficult to manufacture. It is even more impossible to apply metal waveguides or resonant cavities in the infrared or visible light bands, where wavelengths are on the micrometer scale. For this reason, dielectric waveguides and dielectric resonators have developed rapidly and gained widespread application. Although the dimensions of dielectric waveguides and dielectric resonators are also on a scale comparable to the wavelength, they are easy to fabricate into tiny sizes using microfabrication techniques. For example, optical fibers and optical waveguides with cross-sectional dimensions on the micrometer scale belong to dielectric waveguides. The fields in metal waveguides can be viewed as resulting from plane waves reflecting back and forth between conductor surfaces, while the fields in dielectric waveguides can be viewed as resulting from total reflection of electromagnetic waves at dielectric interfaces. Therefore, a dense medium surrounded by a sparse medium forms a dielectric waveguide. In an ideal metal waveguide, the electromagnetic field forms a standing wave transversely, and outside the waveguide boundary, it approximates an ideal conductor with no electromagnetic field. In a dielectric waveguide, the electromagnetic field forms a standing wave transversely, but electromagnetic fields still exist outside the dielectric waveguide, decaying transversely, known as evanescent fields. In metal waveguides filled with a uniform medium, the TE mode and TM mode can individually satisfy the short-circuit boundary conditions of the waveguide walls, so the TE mode and TM mode can always be separated, and both can propagate in the metal waveguide. When a metal waveguide is filled with two or more media, or partially filled with dielectric, the electromagnetic field must satisfy not only the boundary conditions on the conductor walls but also the continuity conditions at the media interfaces. In the case of uniform filling with two or more media, only hybrid modes of TE and TM, specifically HEM modes, can exist. After understanding the above content, one can further explore dielectric resonators. As early as 1939, the concept and theory of dielectric resonators were proposed, but due to the lack of suitable dielectric materials, this theory remained dormant for over 20 years without practical development. By the 20th century, in the 60s, the successful development of high-dielectric-constant ceramics such as rutile ceramic (ε≈80100) brought dielectric resonators back into attention. However, the high temperature coefficient of rutile ceramic limited its practical application. In the 20th century, during the 70s, barium titanate and zirconium titanate ceramics were developed. Their high dielectric constant, low loss, and low temperature coefficient made dielectric resonators practical. Dielectric resonators offer advantages such as small size, light weight, high quality factor, and good stability. They are particularly suitable for application in microstrip circuits, microwave integrated circuits, and the millimeter wave band, receiving significant attention and developing rapidly. When the dielectric constant is very high, the interface between the dielectric and air approximates an open circuit, and the reflection coefficient of electromagnetic waves at the interface approaches 8. At this point, the surface of the dielectric resonator can be regarded as an open circuit wall, i.e., a magnetic wall. Thus, the dielectric resonator becomes a closed system with homogeneous boundary conditions, equivalent to an open-circuit wall (magnetic wall) resonant cavity.

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