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steidele stromvert electrical components are instruments used to transform voltage. However, the purpose of a transformer in transforming voltage is to facilitate power transmission, so its capacity is large, generally calculated in kilovolt-amperes or megavolt-amperes; whereas the purpose of a voltage transformer in transforming voltage is mainly to supply power to measuring instruments and relay protection devices, to measure line voltage, power, and energy, or to protect valuable equipment, motors, and transformers in the line when a fault occurs. Therefore, the capacity of a voltage transformer is very small, generally only a few volt-amperes or tens of volt-amperes, with a maximum not exceeding one thousand volt-amperes.

steidele stromvert electrical component classification

Printed circuit boards are divided into three major categories by layer count: single-sided boards, double-sided boards, and multilayer boards. First, for single-sided boards, components are concentrated on one side of the basic PCB, while conductors are concentrated on the other side. Because conductors appear on only one side, this type of PCB is called a single-sided printed circuit board. Single-sided boards are typically simple to manufacture and low in cost, but their disadvantage is that they cannot be applied to overly complex products. Double-sided boards are an extension of single-sided boards; when single-layer routing cannot meet the needs of electronic products, double-sided boards must be used. Both sides have copper cladding and traces, and vias can connect circuits between the two layers to form the required network connections. Multilayer boards refer to printed boards formed by laminating more than three conductive graphic layers with insulating materials in between, with the conductive graphics interconnected as required. Multilayer printed circuit boards are the product of the development of electronic information technology toward high speed, multifunctionality, large capacity, small volume, thin profile, and lightweight. Printed circuit boards are divided by characteristics into flexible boards (FPC), rigid boards (PCB), and rigid-flex boards (FPCB).

steidele stromvert electrical component classification

Thyristors have multiple classification methods: (1) Classification by turn-off, turn-on, and control methods: Thyristors can be divided into conventional thyristors, bidirectional thyristors, reverse-conducting thyristors, gate turn-off thyristors, BTG thyristors, temperature-controlled thyristors, and light-controlled thyristors, among others. (2) Classification by pins and polarity: Thyristors can be divided into two-pin thyristors, three-pin thyristors, and four-pin thyristors based on their pins and polarity. (3) Classification by package type: Thyristors can be divided into three types based on their package: metal-packaged thyristors, plastic-packaged thyristors, and ceramic-packaged thyristors. Among these, metal-packaged thyristors are further divided into bolt-type, flat-type, and round-case types, among others; plastic-packaged thyristors are divided into types with heat sinks and types without heat sinks. (4) Classification by current capacity: Thyristors can be divided into high-power thyristors, medium-power thyristors, and low-power thyristors based on current capacity. Typically, high-power thyristors mostly use metal case packaging, while medium- and low-power thyristors mostly use plastic or ceramic packaging. (5) Classification by turn-off speed: Thyristors can be divided into conventional thyristors and high-frequency (fast) thyristors based on their turn-off speed. (6) Zero-crossing triggering - generally for power regulation, i.e., triggering occurs when the phase of the sinusoidal AC voltage crosses zero; triggering must occur at the zero-crossing point to turn on the thyristor. (7) Non-zero-crossing triggering - the thyristor can be triggered and turned on regardless of the phase of the AC voltage; common examples include phase-shift triggering, which changes the output percentage by altering the conduction angle (phase angle) of the sinusoidal AC.

steidele stromvert electrical component characteristics

(1) Wide transient response range and strong harmonic measurement capability. The quality of transient characteristics is an important parameter for determining whether a transformer can be applied in power systems, particularly in coordination with relay protection operating times. Traditional electromagnetic transformers have poor response characteristics to high-frequency signals due to the presence of an iron core and cannot correctly reflect the transient process on the primary side. In contrast, the frequency range of optoelectronic transformers is mainly determined by the electronic circuit section, without issues of iron core saturation, allowing them to accurately reflect the transient process on the primary side. The structure of optoelectronic sensors can measure harmonics on high-voltage power lines, which is difficult for electromagnetic induction transformers to achieve. (2) Digital interface with strong communication capability. Since optoelectronic sensors transmit optical digital signals, they interface easily with communication networks, and there is no measurement error during transmission. Meanwhile, with the widespread adoption of microprocessor-based protection and control equipment, optoelectronic transformers can directly provide digital quantities to secondary equipment, thereby eliminating the transformers and A/D sampling sections in original protection devices, greatly simplifying secondary equipment and promoting research into new protection principles. (3) Small size, light weight, and easy upgradability, meeting the requirements for miniaturization and compactness of substations. Since optoelectronic sensors rely on sensor heads and electronic circuits for signal acquisition and processing, they are small in size, with weights generally below 1006 kg, making them easy to integrate into AIS or GIS, thus significantly reducing the footprint of substations and meeting the requirements for substation miniaturization and compactness. At the same time, optoelectronic transformers connect to secondary equipment via a small number of optical fibers, greatly reducing cable trenches and cabling.

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