TKM electrical components German TKM model TKM price

TKM electrical components refer to devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy, consisting of cups, tanks, or other containers or partial spaces of composite containers holding electrolyte solutions and metal electrodes to generate current. They have distinct positive and negative poles. With technological advancements, batteries generally refer to small devices capable of generating electrical energy, such as solar cells. Key performance parameters of batteries include electromotive force, capacity, specific energy, and resistance. Using batteries as an energy source provides stable voltage, stable current, long-term stable power supply, and current minimally affected by external factors. Furthermore, batteries feature a simple structure, are easy to carry, and offer simple charging and discharging operations. They are unaffected by external climate and temperature, ensuring stable and reliable performance, and play a significant role in various aspects of modern social life.

TKM electrical component structure

Solid-state relays consist of three parts: input circuit, isolation, and output circuit. Depending on the input voltage category, input circuits can be divided into DC input circuits, AC input circuits, and AC/DC input circuits. Some input control circuits also feature compatibility with TTL/CMOS, positive/negative logic control, and inversion functions, allowing convenient connection to TTL and MOS logic circuits. For control signals with fixed control voltage, resistive input circuits are used. The isolation and coupling methods between the input and output circuits of solid-state relays include optocoupling and transformer coupling. Optocoupling typically uses photodiode-phototransistor pairs, photodiode-triac optocouplers, or photovoltaic cells to achieve isolated control between the control side and the load side. High-frequency transformer coupling utilizes self-excited high-frequency signals generated by the input control signal, which are coupled to the secondary side, then demodulated, rectified, and processed by logic circuits to form drive signals. The power switch of the solid-state relay is directly connected to the power supply and load terminals to switch the load power on and off. Main components used include high-power bipolar transistors, SCRs, triacs, power MOSFETs, and IGBTs. The output circuit of solid-state relays can also be divided into DC output, AC output, and AC/DC output forms. Based on load type, they are classified into DC solid-state relays and AC solid-state relays. Bipolar devices or power MOSFETs can be used for DC output, while two SCRs or one triac are typically used for AC output. AC solid-state relays are further divided into single-phase AC solid-state relays and three-phase AC solid-state relays. Based on the timing of turn-on and turn-off, AC solid-state relays are classified into random-turn-on AC solid-state relays and zero-crossing AC solid-state relays.

TKM electrical component function

Antennas radiate radio waves and receive radio waves. However, what the transmitter sends to the antenna via the feed line is not radio waves, nor can the receiving antenna send radio waves directly via the feed line to the receiver; an energy conversion process must occur. Taking radio communication equipment as an example, we analyze the signal transmission process to illustrate the energy conversion function of antennas. At the transmitting end, the modulated high-frequency oscillating current (energy) generated by the transmitter is input to the transmitting antenna via feeding equipment (which may transmit current waves or electromagnetic waves directly, depending on frequency and form). The transmitting antenna converts the high-frequency current or guided wave (energy) into radio waves—free electromagnetic waves (energy)—radiating them into the surrounding space. At the receiving end, radio waves (energy) are converted by the receiving antenna into high-frequency current or guided waves (energy), which are transmitted to the receiver via feeding equipment. From this process, it is evident that the antenna is not only a device for radiating and receiving radio waves but also an energy converter, serving as the interface device between the circuit and space.

TKM electrical component principle

The thermistor will remain in a non-tripped state for extended periods; when the ambient temperature and current are in the c region, the heat dissipation power of the thermistor is close to its heat generation power, so it may or may not trip. For a given ambient temperature, the tripping time of the thermistor decreases sharply as the current increases; at relatively higher ambient temperatures, the thermistor has a shorter tripping time and lower holding and tripping currents. The PTC effect refers to a material exhibiting the PTC effect, i.e., the positive temperature coefficient effect, which means that the electrical resistance of the material increases with rising temperature. For example, most metallic materials exhibit the PTC effect. In these materials, the PTC effect manifests as a linear increase in resistance with increasing temperature, which is commonly referred to as the linear PTC effect. Nonlinear PTC effect: Materials undergoing a phase transition exhibit a phenomenon where resistance increases sharply by several to more than ten orders of magnitude over a narrow temperature range, known as the nonlinear PTC effect. Many types of conductive polymers exhibit this effect, such as polymer PTC thermistors. These conductive polymers are very useful for manufacturing overcurrent protection devices. Polymer PTC thermistors are used for overcurrent protection and are often referred to as resettable fuses (hereinafter referred to as thermistors). Due to their unique positive temperature coefficient resistance characteristics, they are highly suitable for use as overcurrent protection devices. The method of using a thermistor is similar to that of a conventional fuse; it is connected in series in the circuit. When the circuit operates normally, the thermistor's temperature is close to room temperature and its resistance is very low, so connecting it in series does not hinder current flow. However, when an overcurrent occurs due to a fault, the increased heat generation causes the thermistor's temperature to rise. When the temperature exceeds the switching temperature, the resistance increases dramatically, rapidly reducing the current in the circuit to a safe value. After the thermistor trips, the current in the circuit is significantly reduced; t is the tripping time of the thermistor. Due to the good design flexibility of polymer PTC thermistors, their temperature sensitivity can be adjusted by changing their switching temperature (ts), allowing them to provide both overtemperature and overcurrent protection. They are suitable for overcurrent and overtemperature protection of lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride batteries. Influence of ambient temperature on polymer PTC thermistors: A polymer PTC thermistor is a directly heated, step-type thermistor. Its resistance change process is related to its own heat generation and dissipation conditions; therefore, its holding current, tripping current, and tripping time are influenced by ambient temperature.

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