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unex electrical components are specifically designed to suppress high-frequency noise and spike interference on signal lines and power lines, and also have the ability to absorb electrostatic pulses. Ferrite beads are used to absorb ultra-high-frequency signals. For example, some RF circuits, PLL, oscillator circuits, and circuits containing ultra-high-frequency memory (DDR SDRAM, RAMBUS, etc.) all require ferrite beads at the power input. Inductors are energy storage components used in LC oscillator circuits, medium and low-frequency filter circuits, etc., and their application frequency range rarely exceeds 50MHZ. Ferrite beads have high resistivity and permeability, equivalent to a resistor and an inductor in series, but both resistance and inductance vary with frequency.

unex electrical component composition

A two-terminal electronic component made of resistive material, with a specific structural form, that limits current flow in a circuit. Those with fixed resistance values are called fixed resistors. Those with variable resistance values are called potentiometers or variable resistors. An ideal resistor is linear, meaning the instantaneous current through the resistor is proportional to the applied instantaneous voltage. Some special resistors, such as thermistors, varistors, and sensitive elements, have a non-linear relationship between voltage and current. Resistors are the most numerous components in electronic circuits, typically forming different series based on power and resistance values for selection by circuit designers. In circuits, resistors are mainly used to adjust and stabilize current and voltage, acting as shunts and voltage dividers, or as circuit matching loads. Depending on circuit requirements, they can also be used for negative or positive feedback in amplifier circuits, voltage-to-current conversion, voltage or current protection during input overload, and can form RC circuits serving as oscillation, filtering, bypass, differentiation, integration, and time constant elements.

unex electrical component composition

Printed circuit boards mainly consist of pads, vias, mounting holes, traces, components, connectors, copper pours, and electrical boundaries. (1) Pads: Metal holes used for soldering component pins. (2) Vias: Include metalized and non-metalized vias; metalized vias are used to connect component pins between layers. (3) Mounting holes: Used to secure the circuit board. (4) Traces: Copper networks connecting component pins. (5) Connectors: Components used for connections between circuit boards. (6) Copper pours: Copper filling for ground networks, effectively reducing impedance. (7) Electrical boundaries: Define the dimensions of the circuit board; no components on the board may extend beyond this boundary.

unex electrical component principles

Based on different application purposes, various types of thermometers have been designed and manufactured. The design principles include: the phenomenon of thermal expansion and contraction of solids, liquids, and gases under temperature influence; the change in pressure of gas (or vapor) due to temperature differences under constant volume conditions; the thermoelectric effect; the variation of electrical resistance with temperature; and the influence of thermal radiation. 1. Gas thermometers: Hydrogen or helium is often used as the temperature-sensing medium because their liquefaction temperatures are very low, close to absolute zero, resulting in a wide measurement range. These thermometers offer high accuracy and are commonly used for precision measurements. 2. Resistance thermometers: Divided into metal resistance thermometers and semiconductor resistance thermometers, both are made based on the characteristic that resistance changes with temperature. Metal thermometers mainly use pure metals such as platinum, gold, copper, and nickel, as well as rhodium-iron and phosphor bronze alloys; semiconductor thermometers primarily use carbon, germanium, etc. Resistance thermometers are convenient, reliable, and widely applied. 3. Thermocouple thermometers: A type of temperature-measuring instrument widely used in industry. Made using the thermoelectric effect. Two different metal wires are welded together to form the measuring junction, while the other ends are connected to a measuring instrument to form a circuit. When the measuring junction is placed at the location where temperature is to be measured, a difference in temperature between the measuring junction and the reference junction generates an electromotive force, causing current to flow through the loop. By measuring electrical quantities and knowing the temperature at one point, the temperature at another point can be determined. It is suitable for applications involving significant temperature differences between two substances and is often used for high-temperature and low-temperature measurements. 4. Dial thermometers: These are dial-shaped thermometers, also known as indoor-outdoor thermometers, used to measure room temperature. They operate on the principle of thermal expansion and contraction of metals. A bimetallic strip serves as the temperature-sensing element to control the pointer. The bimetallic strip is typically made by riveting a copper sheet and an iron sheet together, with the copper on the left and the iron on the right. Since copper exhibits much more pronounced thermal expansion and contraction than iron, when the temperature rises, the copper pulls the iron to bend to the right, causing the pointer to deflect to the right (indicating higher temperature); conversely, when the temperature drops, the pointer deflects to the left driven by the bimetallic strip. 5. Glass tube thermometers: Glass tube thermometers utilize the principle of thermal expansion and contraction to measure temperature. Due to differences in the expansion coefficients, boiling points, and freezing points of the sensing media, common glass tube thermometers mainly include kerosene thermometers, mercury thermometers, and red ink thermometers. Their advantages are simple structure, ease of use, relatively high measurement accuracy, and low cost. The disadvantages are that the measurement range and accuracy are limited by the quality of the glass and the properties of the sensing medium. Additionally, they cannot transmit signals over long distances and are fragile. 6. Pressure thermometers: Pressure thermometers use the volume expansion or pressure change of liquid, gas, or saturated vapor in a sealed container upon heating as the measurement signal. Its basic structure consists of three parts: a bulb, a capillary tube, and an indicator gauge. The advantages of pressure thermometers are: simple structure, high mechanical strength, and resistance to vibration. They are low-cost and do not require an external power source. The disadvantages are: limited temperature measurement range; significant heat loss and slow response time. 14. Mercury thermometers are a type of expansion thermometer and can only be used as local monitoring instruments. Using them to measure temperature is not only simple and intuitive but also helps avoid errors associated with remote transmission thermometers.

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