Vishay HiRel Systems electrical components Germany Vishay HiRel Systems models Vishay HiRel Systems prices

Vishay HiRel Systems electrical components are semiconductor transistors, also known as bipolar junction transistors or crystal triodes, which are semiconductor devices that control current. Their function is to amplify weak signals into electrical signals with larger amplitudes, and they are also used as contactless switches. Transistors are one of the basic semiconductor components, featuring current amplification capabilities, and are core components in electronic circuits. A transistor is formed by creating two closely spaced PN junctions on a single semiconductor substrate; these two PN junctions divide the entire semiconductor into three parts, with the middle part being the base region, and the side parts being the emitter region and collector region. The configurations include PNP and NPN types.

Vishay HiRel Systems electrical component composition

Printed circuit boards mainly consist of pads, vias, mounting holes, traces, components, connectors, copper pours, and electrical boundaries. (1) Pads: Metal holes used for soldering component pins. (2) Vias: Include metalized and non-metalized vias; metalized vias are used to connect component pins between layers. (3) Mounting holes: Used to secure the circuit board. (4) Traces: Copper films forming electrical networks to connect component pins. (5) Connectors: Components used for connections between circuit boards. (6) Copper pours: Copper filling for ground networks, effectively reducing impedance. (7) Electrical boundaries: Define the dimensions of the circuit board; no components on the board may extend beyond this boundary.

Vishay HiRel Systems electrical component characteristics

The most important characteristic of a diode is its unidirectional conductivity. In a circuit, current can only flow into the anode and out of the cathode. 1. Forward characteristics: In electronic circuits, when the anode of a diode is connected to a high potential and the cathode to a low potential, the diode conducts. This connection method is called forward bias. It must be noted that when the forward voltage applied across the diode is very small, the diode still does not conduct, and the forward current flowing through it is extremely weak. Only when the forward voltage reaches a certain value can the diode truly conduct. After conduction, the voltage across the diode remains basically constant, known as the "forward voltage drop" of the diode. 5. Reverse characteristics: In electronic circuits, when the anode of a diode is connected to a low potential and the cathode to a high potential, almost no current flows through the diode, placing it in a cutoff state. This connection method is called reverse bias. When a diode is reverse-biased, a weak reverse current, known as leakage current, still flows through it. When the reverse voltage across the diode increases to a certain value, the reverse current increases sharply, causing the diode to lose its unidirectional conductivity. This state is known as diode breakdown. The injection current of a laser diode must exceed the critical current density to satisfy the population inversion condition and emit laser light. The critical current density is related to the junction temperature and indirectly affects efficiency. During high-temperature operation, the critical current increases, efficiency decreases, and components may even be damaged.

Vishay HiRel Systems electrical component characteristics

The main characteristics of circuit breakers include: rated voltage; rated current; trip current setting ranges for overload protection and short-circuit protection; and rated short-circuit breaking current. The rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity refers to the ability of a low-voltage circuit breaker to operate normally again and break the same short-circuit current once more after interrupting the maximum three-phase short-circuit current at its output terminals. The breaker does not guarantee normal closing and breaking capability thereafter. The rated service short-circuit breaking capacity refers to the ability of the circuit breaker to break the maximum three-phase short-circuit current at its output terminals multiple times under normal conditions. The rated service short-circuit breaking capacity is a breaking current value lower than the rated ultimate short-circuit breaking current. Generally, circuit breakers with three-stage protection functions—long-time delay for overload, short-time delay for short-circuit, and instantaneous trip for short-circuit—can achieve selective protection. Most main lines (including transformer outputs) use them as main protection switches. Circuit breakers without short-time delay for short-circuit (having only long-time delay for overload and instantaneous trip for short-circuit) cannot provide selective protection and are suitable only for branch circuits. "Marine Electrical Engineering" points out that for circuit breakers with three-stage protection, emphasis is placed on their service short-circuit breaking capacity value, while for circuit breakers used in branch lines, sufficient ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity must be ensured. A common bias is to prefer larger values rather than appropriately sized ones, assuming larger is safer. However, excessively large values cause unnecessary waste. Therefore, there is no need to blindly pursue high service short-circuit breaking capacity indicators for branch circuit breakers. For circuit breakers used on main lines, they must meet not only the requirements for rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity but also those for rated service short-circuit breaking capacity. A circuit breaker is a basic low-voltage electrical appliance with overload, short-circuit, and undervoltage protection functions, capable of protecting lines and power sources. The main technical indicators are rated voltage and rated current. Circuit breakers have different functions depending on the application, with many varieties and specifications, and numerous specific technical indicators. Free tripping of circuit breakers: If the protection action closes the trip circuit at any moment during the closing process of the circuit breaker, the breaker can reliably open completely. This is called free tripping. Circuit breakers with free tripping ensure rapid disconnection in case of a short-circuit fault during closing, preventing the expansion of the accident scope.

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