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walther electrical components are Schottky barrier diodes named after their inventor, Dr. Schottky. Schottky barrier diodes are not made using the principle of forming a PN junction by contact between P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor, but rather using the principle of a metal–semiconductor junction formed by contact between metal and semiconductor. Therefore, Schottky barrier diodes are also called metal–semiconductor (contact) diodes or surface barrier diodes; they are a type of hot-carrier diode.

walther electrical components composition

A sensor generally consists of four parts: a sensitive element, a transduction element, a conversion circuit, and an auxiliary power supply. The sensitive element directly senses the measured quantity and outputs a physical quantity signal that has a definite relationship with the measured quantity; the transduction element converts the physical quantity signal output by the sensitive element into an electrical signal; the conversion circuit is responsible for amplifying and modulating the electrical signal output by the transduction element; the transduction element and the conversion circuit generally also require power supply from the auxiliary power source.

walther electrical components principle

In information technology, digital integrated circuits are the mainstay, processing information carried by digital signals, which take discrete values in terms of time and magnitude. However, signals in nature change continuously in terms of time and magnitude, such as wind noise and water flow rate; such signals are called analog signals. Correspondingly, circuits that process analog signals are called analog circuits, and integrated circuits used to process analog signals are called analog integrated circuits. Obviously, digital circuits cannot directly interface with the natural world; merely for the convenience of processing or transmission, and to fully utilize the advantages of digital systems, analog signals are first converted into digital signals, input into modern digital systems with large capacity, high speed, strong anti-interference capability, and good confidentiality for processing, and then reconverted into analog signals for output. The mainstay of integrated circuits is the transistor, and analog integrated circuits are no exception, except that they utilize the amplification effect of transistors, whereas digital integrated circuits utilize the switching effect of transistors. Early analog integrated circuits mostly used bipolar transistors. Due to the maturity of CMOS technology, the disadvantage of slow speed in early CMOS circuits has been overcome, and it has the advantages of low power consumption and convenient process upgrades (CMOS scaling). Nowadays, analog integrated circuits and mixed-signal integrated circuits (digital circuits and analog circuits integrated together) are also commonly designed and implemented using CMOS.

walther electrical components principle

When two different conductors or semiconductors A and B form a loop with their ends connected to each other, as long as the temperatures at the two junctions are different, with one end at temperature T, called the working end or hot end, and the other end at temperature T0, called the free end or cold end, an electromotive force will be generated in the loop. The direction and magnitude of this electromotive force are related to the material of the conductors and the temperatures of the two junctions. This phenomenon is called the "thermoelectric effect," the loop formed by the two conductors is called a "thermocouple," these two conductors are called "thermoelectrodes," and the generated electromotive force is called "thermoelectromotive force." The thermoelectromotive force consists of two parts: one is the contact electromotive force of the two conductors, and the other is the temperature difference electromotive force of a single conductor. The magnitude of the thermoelectromotive force in a thermocouple loop depends only on the conductor materials composing the thermocouple and the temperatures of the two junctions, and is independent of the shape and dimensions of the thermocouple. When the materials of the two electrodes of the thermocouple are fixed, the thermoelectromotive force is the functional difference between the temperatures t and t0 at the two junctions. That is, this relationship is widely applied in actual temperature measurement. Because the cold end t0 is constant, the thermoelectromotive force generated by the thermocouple changes only with the change in temperature of the hot end (measurement end), meaning a certain thermoelectromotive force corresponds to a certain temperature. We can achieve the purpose of temperature measurement simply by measuring the thermoelectromotive force. The basic principle of thermocouple temperature measurement is that two homogeneous conductors of different compositions form a closed loop; when there is a temperature gradient between the two ends, current flows through the loop, and an electromotive force—thermoelectromotive force—exists between the two ends. This is the so-called Seebeck effect. Two homogeneous conductors of different compositions serve as thermoelectrodes, the end with the higher temperature is the working end, and the end with the lower temperature is the free end, which is usually kept at a constant temperature. Based on the functional relationship between thermoelectromotive force and temperature, thermocouple reference tables are created; the reference table is obtained under the condition that the free end temperature is 4 °C, and different thermocouples have different reference tables. When a third metal material is inserted into the thermocouple loop, as long as the temperatures at the two junctions of this material are the same, the thermoelectromotive force produced by the thermocouple will remain unchanged, i.e., it is not affected by the insertion of the third metal into the loop. Therefore, during thermocouple temperature measurement, a measuring instrument can be connected, and after measuring the thermoelectromotive force, the temperature of the measured medium can be determined. When measuring temperature with a thermocouple, the temperature of its cold end (the measurement end is the hot end, and the end connected to the measurement circuit via lead wires is called the cold end) is required to remain constant, so that the magnitude of its thermoelectromotive force has a certain proportional relationship with the measured temperature. If the (ambient) temperature of the cold end changes during measurement, it will seriously affect the accuracy of the measurement. Taking certain measures at the cold end to compensate for the impact caused by changes in cold end temperature is called thermocouple cold junction compensation. Special compensation cables are used to connect to the measuring instrument. Thermocouple cold junction compensation calculation methods: (1) from millivolts to temperature: measure the cold end temperature, convert it to the corresponding millivolt value, add it to the millivolt value of the thermocouple, and convert to temperature; (2) from temperature to millivolts: measure the actual temperature and the cold end temperature, convert them separately to millivolt values, subtract to obtain the millivolt value, and thus determine the temperature.

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