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walther - werke electrical components are devices that convert alternating current to direct current, and can be used in power supply units and for detecting radio signals, etc. Rectifiers can be made from vacuum tubes, ignitrons, solid-state silicon semiconductor diodes, mercury arcs, etc. Conversely, a device that converts direct current to alternating current is called an "inverter". In standby UPS, it is only necessary to charge the battery, not to supply power to the load, so there is only a charger. In double-conversion UPS, this device supplies power to the inverter and also charges the battery, so it is called a rectifier/charger. A rectifier is a rectifying device; simply put, it is a device that converts AC to DC. It has two main functions: first, to convert AC to DC, which is then filtered and supplied to the load or to the inverter; second, to provide charging voltage to the battery. Therefore, it also acts as a charger.

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(1) often compares sensor functions to the human 5 major sensory organs: photosensitive sensors - vision, acoustic sensors - hearing, gas-sensitive sensors - smell, chemical sensors - taste, pressure-sensitive, temperature-sensitive, and fluid sensors - touch. (2) Classification of sensitive elements: Physical type, based on physical effects such as force, heat, light, electricity, magnetism, and sound. Chemical type, based on the principles of chemical reactions. Biological type, based on molecular recognition functions such as enzymes, antibodies, and hormones. Usually, according to their basic sensing functions, they can be divided into ten major categories: thermal elements, photosensitive elements, gas-sensitive elements, force-sensitive elements, magnetic-sensitive elements, humidity-sensitive elements, acoustic-sensitive elements, radiation-sensitive elements, color-sensitive elements, and taste-sensitive elements (some have also classified sensitive elements into 52 categories).

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The most widely used type of motor is the AC asynchronous motor. It is easy to use, reliable in operation, low in price, and robust in structure, but it has a low power factor and speed regulation is difficult. Synchronous motors are commonly used for high-capacity, low-speed prime movers. Synchronous motors not only have a high power factor, but their speed is independent of the load size and depends only on the grid frequency. They operate relatively stably. DC motors are often used in applications requiring wide-range speed regulation. However, they have commutators, complex structures, are expensive, difficult to maintain, and are not suitable for harsh environments. With the development of power electronics technology, AC motor speed control technology is becoming mature, equipment prices are decreasing, and they are beginning to be applied. The maximum output mechanical power that a motor can handle under a specified duty cycle without causing overheating is called its rated power; attention should be paid to the specifications on the nameplate during use. When the motor is running, care must be taken to match the load characteristics with the motor characteristics to avoid overspeed or stalling. Motors can provide a wide range of power, from milliwatts to tens of megawatts. The use and control of motors are very convenient, featuring capabilities such as self-starting, acceleration, braking, reversal, and holding. Generally, when a motor's speed is regulated, its output power changes with the speed.

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The most important characteristic of a diode is its unidirectional conductivity. In a circuit, current can only flow into the anode of the diode and out of the cathode. 1. Forward characteristics: In electronic circuits, when the anode of the diode is connected to the high potential terminal and the cathode to the low potential terminal, the diode conducts. This connection method is called forward bias. It must be noted that when the forward voltage applied across the diode is very small, the diode still does not conduct, and the forward current flowing through the diode is very weak. Only when the forward voltage reaches a certain value can the diode truly conduct. After conduction, the voltage across the diode remains basically constant, known as the "forward voltage drop" of the diode. 5. Reverse characteristics In electronic circuits, when the anode of the diode is connected to the low potential terminal and the cathode to the high potential terminal, almost no current flows through the diode, and the diode is in a cutoff state. This connection method is called reverse bias. When the diode is reverse-biased, a weak reverse current still flows through the diode, known as leakage current. When the reverse voltage across the diode increases to a certain value, the reverse current increases sharply, and the diode loses its unidirectional conductivity. This state is called diode breakdown. The injection current of a laser diode must be greater than the critical current density to satisfy the population inversion condition and emit laser light. The critical current density is related to the junction temperature and indirectly affects efficiency. During high-temperature operation, the critical current increases, efficiency decreases, and components may even be damaged.

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